Catalyst systems and processes for poly alpha-olefin having high vinylidene content

1. A catalyst compound represented by formula (I):

wherein:

a first one of R 1 and R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group;

a second one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is a hydrogen;

a third one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is a hydrogen;

R 6 and R 18 are each independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 30 hydrocarbyl group, and R 7 and R 17 taken together with the carbon atoms in the indenyl ring to which they are directly connected, collectively form one or more substituted or unsubstituted rings annelated to the indenyl ring, wherein the ring annelated to the indenyl ring comprises one or more saturated carbon atoms;

R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group or R 16 is a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 silylcarbyl group;

each X is independently a halogen, a hydride, an amide, an alkoxide, a sulfide, a phosphide, a diene, an amine, a phosphine, an ether, a C 1 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, or two or more X moieties together form a fused ring or ring system;

M is a group 3, 4 or 5 transition metal having an integer coordination number of v; and

m is an integer equal to v-2.

2. The catalyst compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is represented by formula (II):

wherein:

R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen;

Q is a linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 6 hydrocarbyl group;

R 19 is carbon or silicon;

R 20 , R 21 , and R 22 are independently hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group, wherein at least two of R 20 , R 21 , and R 22 are a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group;

R 6 and R 18 are each independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 30 hydrocarbyl group, and R 7 and R 17 taken together with the carbon atoms in the indenyl ring to which they are directly connected, collectively form one or more substituted or unsubstituted rings annelated to the indenyl ring, wherein the ring annelated to the indenyl ring comprises one or more saturated carbon atoms;

R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group;

each X is independently a halogen, a hydride, an amide, an alkoxide, a sulfide, a phosphide, a diene, an amine, a phosphine, an ether, a C 1 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, or two or more X moieties together form a fused ring or ring system;

M is a group 3, 4 or 5 transition metal having an integer coordination number of v; and

m is an integer equal to v-2.

3. The catalyst compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is represented by formula:

wherein:

a first one of R 1 and R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group;

a second one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is a hydrogen;

a third one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is a hydrogen;

R 6 , R 18 , R 29 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are each independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 30 hydrocarbyl group, or two of R 6 , R 18 , R 29 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , and R 27 taken together with the carbon atoms in the cyclopentan-indenyl ring to which they are directly connected, collectively form one or more substituted or unsubstituted rings annelated to the cyclopentan-indenyl ring;

R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group;

each X is independently a halogen, a hydride, an amide, an alkoxide, a sulfide, a phosphide, a diene, an amine, a phosphine, an ether, a C 1 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, or two or more X moieties together form a fused ring or ring system;

M is a group 3, 4 or 5 transition metal having an integer coordination number of v; and

m is an integer equal to v-2.

4. The catalyst compound of claim 2 , wherein Q is methylene and R 19 is carbon.

5. The catalyst compound of claim 2 , wherein Q is methylene.

6. The catalyst compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is represented by formula (II):

wherein:

R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen;

Q is a linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 6 hydrocarbyl group;

R 19 is silicon;

R 20 , R 21 , and R 22 are independently hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group, wherein at least two of R 20 , R 21 , and R 22 are a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group;

R 6 and R 18 are each independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 30 hydrocarbyl group, and R 7 and R 17 taken together with the carbon atoms in the indenyl ring to which they are directly connected, collectively form one or more substituted or unsubstituted rings annelated to the indenyl ring, wherein the ring annelated to the indenyl ring comprises one or more saturated carbon atoms;

R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group;

each X is independently a halogen, a hydride, an amide, an alkoxide, a sulfide, a phosphide, a diene, an amine, a phosphine, an ether, a C 1 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, or two or more X moieties together form a fused ring or ring system;

M is a group 3, 4 or 5 transition metal having an integer coordination number of v; and

m is an integer equal to v-2.

7. The catalyst compound of claim 2 , wherein Q is methylene; R 21 is hydrogen; and R 20 and R 22 are methyl.

8. The catalyst compound of claim 3 , wherein each of R 27 and R 28 is hydrogen.

9. The catalyst compound of claim 8 , wherein each of R 24 and R 29 is hydrogen.

10. The catalyst compound of claim 9 , wherein each of R 25 and R 26 is independently hydrogen or methyl.

11. The catalyst compound of claim 8 , wherein:

a first one of R 1 and R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbyl group;

a second one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is hydrogen; and

a third one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is hydrogen.

12. The catalyst compound of claim 11 , wherein the first one of R 1 and R 3 is neopentyl.

13. The catalyst compound of claim 11 , wherein the first one of R 1 and R 3 is isobutyl.

14. The catalyst compound of claim 11 , wherein the first one of R 1 and R 3 is silylneopentyl.

15. The catalyst compound of claim 11 , wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are each methyl.

16. The catalyst compound of claim 15 , wherein R 6 and R 18 are each hydrogen.

17. The catalyst compound of claim 11 , wherein M is hafnium.

18. The catalyst compound of claim 11 , wherein M is zirconium.

19. The catalyst compound of claim 11 , wherein the catalyst compound is selected from the group consisting of formula (IV-B), (VI), (VIII), (X), (XI), (XV), (XVII), (XVIII), or (XIX):

and combinations thereof,

wherein each X is independently a halogen, a hydride, an amide, an alkoxide, a sulfide, a phosphide, a diene, an amine, a phosphine, an ether, or a C 1 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl group, or two or more X moieties may together form a fused ring or ring system;

M is a group 3, 4 or 5 transition metal having an integer coordination number of v; and

m is an integer equal to v-2.

20. The catalyst compound of claim 9 , wherein M is hafnium or zirconium, m is 2, and each X is independently chlorine or methyl.

21. The catalyst compound of claim 10 , wherein M is hafnium or zirconium, m is 2, and each X is independently chlorine or methyl.