Liquid-infiltrated solid-state electrolyte and rechargeable batteries comprising same
An embodiment is directed to a solid state electrolyte-comprising Li or Li-ion battery cell, comprising an anode electrode, a cathode electrode with an areal capacity loading that exceeds around 3.5 mAh/cm 2 , an ionically conductive separator layer that electrically separates the anode and cathode electrodes, and one or more solid electrolytes ionically coupling the anode and the cathode, wherein at least one of the one or more solid electrolytes or at least one solid electrolyte precursor of the one or more solid electrolytes is infiltrated into the solid state Li or Li-ion battery cell as a liquid.
1. A solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell, comprising:
an anode electrode;
a cathode electrode with an areal capacity loading that exceeds 3.5 mAh/cm 2 , the anode electrode and the cathode electrode being electrically separated; and
one or more electrolyte compositions ionically coupling the anode electrode and the cathode electrode,
wherein:
the one or more electrolyte compositions comprise a solid polymer electrolyte, and
(1) the solid polymer electrolyte or (2) one or more precursors of the solid polymer electrolyte are infiltrated into the anode electrode and/or the cathode electrode in a liquid phase.
2. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the anode electrode comprises one or more of an intercalation-type active material, a conversion-type active material, a lithium metal, or a lithium metal alloy.
3. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 2 , wherein:
the anode electrode comprises the intercalation-type active material and the intercalation-type active material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, or lithium titanate (LTO).
4. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 2 , wherein:
the anode electrode comprises the conversion-type active material and the conversion-type active material comprises silicon (Si).
5. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 2 , wherein:
the anode electrode comprises the conversion-type active material and at least part of the conversion-type active material is comprised in nanocomposites or composites.
6. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the cathode electrode comprises an intercalation-type active material and the intercalation-type active material is selected from lithium nickel oxide (LNO), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), nickel cobalt aluminum manganese oxide (NCAM), or lithium iron phosphate (LFP).
7. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the cathode electrode comprises a conversion-type active material and the conversion-type active material is selected from a metal fluoride, a metal oxyfluoride, a metal chloro-fluoride, a metal bromo-fluoride, a metal hydroxy-fluoride, a metal oxy-chloro-fluoride, a metal oxy-bromo-fluoride, a metal sulfo-fluoride, a metal sulfo-oxy-fluoride, a metal sulfo-oxy-fluoride, a mixture thereof, or an alloy thereof.
8. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , further comprising:
an ionically conductive separator layer that electrically separates the anode electrode and the cathode electrode.
9. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 8 , wherein:
the ionically conductive separator layer comprises a polymer-ceramic composite membrane.
10. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte is amorphous at operational temperatures.
11. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the one or more precursors of the solid polymer electrolyte are infiltrated into the anode electrode and/or the cathode electrode in the liquid phase; and
the one or more precursors of the solid polymer electrolyte comprise monomers that undergo polymerization to form a polymer of the solid polymer electrolyte.
12. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte comprises one or more of a homopolymer, a block copolymer, a linear polymer, or a cross-linked polymer.
13. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer comprising one or more of an alkyl group, an acrylate group, an imine group, an ether group, or a thioether group.
14. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer comprising one or more of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen.
15. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer-salt mixture comprising a polymer and a salt;
the salt comprises Li cations and anions; and
the anions are chemically attached to the polymer.
16. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer and a Li-ion-comprising salt; and
the Li-ion-comprising salt is selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 ), lithium difluoro (oxalate) borate (LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 )), or fluorinated lithium imides.
17. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer and a Li-ion-comprising salt;
the Li-ion-comprising salt comprises anions; and
the anions interact with the polymer via H-bonding.
18. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte additionally comprises ceramic particles in a range of 0.01 to 20 vol. % of the solid polymer electrolyte.
19. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte additionally comprises un-reacted monomers in a range of 0.01 to 10 vol. % of the solid polymer electrolyte.
20. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte exhibits a total ionic conductivity in a range of 5×10 −6 S/cm to 10 −1 S/cm at 60° C.
21. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
a temperature of the infiltration of the (1) the solid polymer electrolyte or (2) the one or more precursors of the solid polymer electrolyte into the anode electrode and/or the cathode electrode in the liquid phase is in a range of 60.0° C. to 400.0° C.
22. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte exhibits an average value of Vickers hardness, at room temperature, in a range from 0.01 GPa to 5.0 GPa, and a maximum compressive strain, at 60.0° C., in a range of 0.1% to 500.0%.
23. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte comprises two or more phases;
the anode electrode and the cathode electrode respectively comprise active anode electrode particles and active cathode electrode particles; and
one of the two or more phases exhibits a lower interfacial resistance than another one of the two or more phases to the active anode electrode particles and/or the active cathode electrode particles.
24. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid polymer electrolyte exhibits a volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, at room temperature, in a range of 8×10 −7 K −1 to 8×10 −4 K −1 .
25. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the anode electrode and/or the cathode electrode comprises a surface layer;
the surface layer comprises a ceramic; and
the ceramic is an oxide.
26. The solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell of claim 1 , wherein:
the solid-state Li or Li-ion battery cell exhibits a gravimetric energy density in excess of 250 Wh/kg and a volumetric energy density in excess of 600 Wh/L.