Microcomposite alloy structure
Disclosed herein are embodiments of strain tolerant particles, methods of manufacturing such structures, and feedstock to form said structures. In some embodiments, the structures can include alternating regions of an energy storage structure and a reinforcing structure. Advantageously, when the strain tolerant particles are used within an anode of a lithium ion battery, the reinforcing structure may provide mechanical stability to the particles and thus increase cycle life.
1. A particle comprising:
a composite structure including:
a eutectic, eutectoid, or hypereutectic structure comprising alternating regions of an energy storage structure and a reinforcing structure;
the energy storage structure comprising at least one element, wherein the energy storage structure is configured to store ions; and
the reinforcing structure comprising one or more elements that phase separate from the energy storage structure via a eutectic or eutectoid reaction, wherein the reinforcing structure provides mechanical support to the energy storage structure,
wherein at least one of the energy storage structure or the reinforcing structure comprises interpenetrating crystalline or amorphous phases.
2. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage structure comprises silicon and/or tin.
3. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the reinforcing structure comprises nickel, copper, iron, aluminum, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, zirconium, vanadium, titanium, chromium, bismuth, antimony, germanium, boron, phosphorus, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and/or oxygen.
4. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage structure comprises silicon and the reinforcing structure comprises nickel and silicon.
5. The particle of claim 4 , wherein the reinforcing structure comprises NiSi 2 and NiSi.
6. The particle of claim 4 , wherein the reinforcing structure comprises a higher nickel content than the nickel content of the energy storage structure.
7. The particle of claim 4 , wherein the composite structure comprises a silicon mole fraction greater than or equal to about 0.56.
8. The particle of claim 4 , wherein the composite structure comprises a silicon mole fraction greater than or equal to about 0.7.
9. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage structure comprises silicon and the reinforcing structure comprises copper and silicon.
10. The particle of claim 9 , wherein the reinforcing structure comprises Cu 19 Si 6 .
11. The particle of claim 9 , wherein the reinforcing structure comprises a higher copper content than the copper content of the energy storage structure.
12. The particle of claim 9 , wherein the composite structure comprises a silicon mole fraction greater than or equal to about 0.24.
13. The particle of claim 9 , wherein the composite structure comprises a silicon mole fraction greater than or equal to about 0.32.
14. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the composite structure comprises a plurality of energy storage structures and a plurality of reinforcing structures that bind the plurality of energy storage structures.
15. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the alternating regions comprise stable phases.
16. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the alternating regions comprise equilibrium metastable phases.
17. A method of manufacturing a particle comprising:
preparing a feedstock comprising divided droplets or particles with a certain ratio of constituent elements that phase separate into two or more phases by eutectic or eutectoid reaction;
introducing the feedstock into a plasma or plasma exhaust of a microwave plasma torch to melt the feedstock; and
cooling the feedstock so as to trigger a eutectic or eutectoid transition resulting in one or more phase separations which create a eutectic, eutectoid, or hypereutectic structure comprising alternating regions of an energy storage structure and a reinforcing structure that provides mechanical support to the energy storage structure,
the energy storage structure comprising at least one element, wherein the energy storage structure is configured to store ions,
the reinforcing structure comprising one or more elements that phase separate from the energy storage structure, wherein the reinforcing structure provides mechanical support to the energy storage structure,
wherein at least one of the energy storage structure or the reinforcing structure comprises interpenetrating crystalline or amorphous phases.
18. The method of manufacturing of claim 17 , wherein the feedstock comprises silicon and at least one of copper, nickel, or iron.
19. The method of manufacturing of claim 18 , wherein the feedstock comprises nickel and comprises a silicon mole fraction greater than or equal to about 0.7.
20. A particle comprising:
a composite structure including:
a eutectic, eutectoid, or hypereutectic structure comprising alternating regions of an energy storage phase and a reinforcing phase,
the energy storage phase comprising at least one element, wherein the energy storage phase is configured to store ions; and
the reinforcing phase comprising one or more elements, and
wherein at least one of the energy storage phase or the reinforcing phase comprises interpenetrating crystalline or amorphous phases;
wherein upon cooling the composite structure from a melt, a eutectic or eutectoid transition occurs resulting in phase separation of the composite structure into two or more distinct phases, at least one phase of which is the energy storage phase, and at least one phase of which is the reinforcing phase, resulting in an in-situ grown composite microstructure at a particle level, wherein the reinforcing phase provides mechanical support to the energy storage phase.