Photocurable compositions for stereolithography, method of forming the compositions, stereolithography methods using the compositions, polymer components formed by the stereolithography methods, and a device including the polymer components

1. A photocurable composition for stereolithographic three-dimensional printing, wherein

the photocurable composition comprises

a photoreactive oligomer component comprising a hydrophobic oligomer comprising a photoreactive end group,

a photoreactive monomer component comprising a photoreactive monomer having a (meth) acrylate end group, an alkenyl functional group, an alkynyl functional group, or a combination thereof, provided that when the photoreactive monomer comprises a (meth) acrylate end group, the photoreactive monomer component comprises at least 50% by weight of the photoreactive monomer having the (meth) acrylate end group,

a photoinitiation composition comprising a photoinitiator, and

a thermal cure initiator;

the photocurable composition has a viscosity of 250 to 10,000 centipoise at 22° C., determined using a Brookfield viscometer; and

the photocured composition has a dielectric loss of less than 0.010 determined by split-post dielectric resonator testing at 10 gigahertz at 23° C.

2. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , comprising

35 to 85 weight percent of the photoreactive oligomer component,

15 to 65 weight percent of the photoreactive monomer component,

0.01 to 15 weight percent of the photoinitiation composition, and

0.01 to 2 weight percent of the thermal cure initiator;

wherein each weight percent is based on the total weight of the photoreactive oligomer component, the photoreactive monomer component, the photoinitiation composition, and the thermal cure initiator, and totals 100 weight percent.

3. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic oligomer of the photoreactive oligomer component comprises a (meth) acrylate end group.

4. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic oligomer of the photoreactive oligomer component is a (meth) acrylate-derivatized polyester, a (meth) acrylate-derivatized polyurethane, a (meth) acrylate urethane-derivatized polybutadiene oligomer, or a combination thereof.

5. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic oligomer of the photoreactive oligomer component comprises a urethane (meth) acrylate-derivatized polybutadiene oligomer having a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000 grams per mole.

6. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the photoreactive monomer component comprises at least 50% by weight of the photoreactive monomer having the (meth) acrylate end group.

7. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the photoreactive monomer component comprises a combination of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylol propane trimethacrylate, and isobornyl methacrylate.

8. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the photoreactive monomer comprises the alkenyl functional group, the alkynyl functional group, or a combination thereof.

9. The photocurable composition of claim 8 , wherein the photoreactive monomer comprises the alkenyl functional group.

10. The photocurable composition of claim 9 , wherein the photoreactive monomer comprises an allyl, vinyl, or allylether functional group, or a combination thereof.

11. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the photoreactive monomer comprises an alkynyl functional group.

12. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , further comprising a particulate filler, in an amount of 5 to 60 vol % based on the total volume of the photocurable composition.

13. The photocurable composition of claim 12 ,

wherein the particulate filler comprises silica, alumina, calcium titanate, strontium titanate, barium titanate, barium nonatitanate, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, or a combination thereof.

14. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the photoinitiation composition further comprises an ultraviolet light-absorbing agent in an amount of 0.01 to 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the photoreactive oligomer component, the photoreactive monomer component, the photoinitiation composition, and the thermal cure initiator, which totals 100 weight percent.

15. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the photoinitiation composition further comprises scintillating agent in an amount of 0.01 to 2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the photoreactive oligomer component, the photoreactive monomer component, the photoinitiation composition, and the thermal cure initiator and totals 100 weight percent.

16. The photocurable composition of claim 1 , wherein the thermal cure initiator comprises a peroxide.

17. A three-dimensional structure comprising a photocured product of the composition of claim 1 .

18. The three-dimensional structure of claim 17 , having a dielectric loss of less than 0.004 at 10 GHz as determined by split-post dielectric resonator testing at 10 gigahertz at a temperature of 23° C.

19. The three-dimensional structure of claim 17 , wherein the structure is porous.

20. An electronic device comprising the three-dimensional structure of claim 17 .

21. The electronic device of claim 20 , wherein the device is an impedance-matching layer, a dielectric waveguide, a lens, a reflective array, an antenna matching structure, a superstrate, a coupler, a divider, a radome, or a dielectric antenna, wherein at least one electrical conductor is disposed on or in contact with the photocured product.

22. A stereolithographic method of manufacture of a three-dimensional polymer structure, the method comprising:

providing a volume comprising the photocurable composition of claim 1 ;

irradiating a portion of the composition with activating radiation in a pattern to form a photocured layer of the structure;

contacting the layer with the photocurable composition;

irradiating the photocurable composition with activating radiation in a pattern to form a second photocured layer on the first layer;

repeating the contacting and irradiating to form the three-dimensional polymer structure; and

thermally curing the three-dimensional structure.

23. A three-dimensional structure made by the method of claim 22 wherein the structure is porous.

24. An electronic device comprising the three-dimensional structure of claim 23 , wherein the device is an impedance-matching layer, a dielectric waveguide, a lens, a reflective array, an antenna matching structure, a superstrate, a coupler, a divider, a radome, or a dielectric antenna.