Apparatus for 3D shaping of a workpiece by a liquid jet guided laser beam
The invention relates to an apparatus 100 for 3D shaping of a workpiece 101 by material ablation with a laser beam 102 . The apparatus 100 comprises a machining unit 103 , which is configured to provide a pressurized fluid jet 104 onto the workpiece 101 and to couple the laser beam 102 into the fluid jet 104 towards the workpiece 101 . Further, the apparatus 100 includes a motion controller 105 configured to set an x-y-z-position of the workpiece 101 relative to the machining unit 103 . It also includes a measuring unit 107 configured to measure a z-position of the point of incidence 108 of the pressurized fluid jet 104 on the workpiece 101 in the z-direction.
1. A method ( 1000 ) for 3D shaping of a workpiece ( 101 ) by material ablation with a laser beam ( 102 ) comprising a plurality of laser pulses, the method ( 1000 ) comprising the steps of:
providing ( 1001 ) a pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) produced by a nozzle of an apparatus onto the workpiece ( 101 ) and coupling the laser beam ( 102 ) into the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) which guides the laser beam towards the workpiece ( 101 ),
moving a machining surface of the apparatus, on which the workpiece ( 101 ) is provided, relative to the nozzle according to x-y-z coordinates of the machining surface set in a motion controller of the apparatus, and
performing ( 1003 ) a measurement of a z-coordinate of a point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) at the set x-y-z-coordinates of the machining surface,
wherein the measurement is performed by a measuring unit comprising a depth sensor of the apparatus through the pressurized laminar fluid jet, and
wherein a z-direction is parallel to a propagation direction of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ),
scanning a surface ( 109 ) of the workpiece ( 101 ) in a x-y-plane,
determining a profile of the surface ( 109 ) by measuring respective z-coordinates of a plurality of points of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ),
ablating a layer of material of the workpiece, wherein the ablating comprises setting individually an energy of each laser pulse ( 200 ) or setting a trajectory of moving the workpiece ( 101 ) by changing the x-y-z coordinates of the machining surface after each laser pulse ( 200 ) based on the determined profile of the surface ( 109 ), and
calculating a layered representation ( 601 ) of a to be ablated volume of the workpiece, wherein the workpiece ( 101 ) is shaped by ablating, layer-by-layer, a plurality of layers ( 800 ) of workpiece material with the laser beam ( 102 ).
2. The method ( 1000 ) of claim 1 , wherein a laser controller ( 106 ) is configured to increase or decrease a laser pulse frequency, respectively, such that a number of laser pulses ( 200 ) per distance is constant along the trajectory.
3. The method ( 1000 ) of claim 1 further comprising the step of determining a first inclination or surface irregularity ( 901 ) of a lastly ablated workpiece material layer ( 900 ) by scanning the workpiece surface ( 109 ) in the x-y-plane and thereby measuring z-positions of the plurality of points of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) and a second inclination or surface irregularity ( 902 ) on the surface ( 109 ) of the workpiece ( 101 ).
4. An apparatus ( 100 ) for 3D shaping of the workpiece ( 101 ) by material ablation with the laser beam ( 102 ) for carrying out the steps of claim 1 , the apparatus ( 100 ) comprising a machining unit ( 103 ) configured to provide the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) onto the workpiece ( 101 ) and to couple the laser beam ( 102 ) into the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) towards the workpiece ( 101 ), a motion controller ( 105 ) configured to set an x-y-z-position of the workpiece ( 101 ) relative to the machining unit ( 103 ), the measuring unit ( 107 ) configured to measure a z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) in the z-direction.
5. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , further comprising a laser controller ( 106 ) configured to adjust a power or energy of the laser beam ( 102 ) based on the x-y-z-position set by the motion controller ( 105 ) and the z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) measured by the measuring unit ( 107 ).
6. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein the laser beam ( 102 ) is pulsed, and the apparatus ( 100 ) further comprises a laser controller ( 106 ) configured to adjust individually the energy of each laser pulse ( 200 ) based on the x-y-z-position set by the motion controller ( 105 ) for that laser pulse ( 200 ) and the z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) measured by the measuring unit ( 107 ) before that laser pulse ( 200 ).
7. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 6 , wherein the measuring unit ( 107 ) is configured to determine an ablation result of each laser pulse ( 200 ) at the z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) measured by the measuring unit ( 107 ) after that laser pulse ( 200 ), and the laser controller ( 106 ) is configured to adjust an energy of the next laser pulse ( 200 ) based on the determined ablation result.
8. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 6 , wherein the laser controller ( 106 ) is configured to control the energy of each laser pulse ( 200 ) by setting its width or amplitude or by setting a pulse ( 200 ) rate and consequently a time delay between consecutive pulses ( 200 ) or by executing a pulse burst ( 201 ).
9. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 8 , wherein the laser controller ( 106 ) is configured to control the energy of each laser pulse ( 200 ) such that it ablates in z-direction between 1 - 1000 um depth of workpiece material at the x-y-z-position of the workpiece ( 101 ) set by the motion controller ( 105 ) for that laser pulse ( 200 ).
10. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 6 , further comprising a laser source ( 110 ) for generating the laser beam ( 102 ), the laser source ( 110 ) including the laser controller ( 106 ) and a fast switch, preferably a Q-switch ( 400 ), for modulating the laser pulses ( 200 ).
11. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 6 , wherein the measuring unit ( 107 ) is configured to measure the z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) within a time period between two subsequent laser pulses ( 200 ).
12. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 6 , wherein the motion controller ( 105 ) is configured to step-wise or continuously change the x-y-z-position of the workpiece ( 101 ) relative to the machining unit ( 103 ) after each laser pulse ( 200 ).
13. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 12 , wherein the motion controller ( 105 ) is configured to accelerate or decelerate the changing of the x-y-z-position of the workpiece ( 101 ) when moving the workpiece ( 101 ) along the trajectory.
14. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein the motion controller ( 105 ) is configured to repeatedly change the x-y-z-position of the workpiece ( 101 ) such that the laser beam ( 102 ) scans the workpiece surface ( 109 ) in the x-y-plane.
15. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 14 , configured to selectively activate or deactivate the laser beam ( 102 ) during the scan of the workpiece surface ( 109 ) depending on the x-y-z-positions given by the motion controller ( 105 ).
16. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 2 , configured to shape the workpiece ( 101 ) by ablating, layer-by-layer, a plurality of layers ( 800 ) of workpiece material with the laser beam ( 102 ), wherein each of the plurality of layers ( 800 ) takes an individually predetermined area in the x-y-plane and has an individually predetermined uniform or non-uniform thickness along the z-direction a processing unit ( 600 ) configured to calculate a layered representation ( 601 ) of the to be ablated volume of the workpiece ( 101 ), wherein the apparatus ( 100 ) is configured to shape the workpiece ( 101 ) by ablating the plurality of layers ( 800 ) of workpiece material based on the calculated layered representation ( 601 ) the laser controller ( 106 ) is configured to control the power or energy of the laser beam ( 102 ) based further on the layered representation ( 601 ) received from the processing unit ( 600 ).
17. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein the measuring unit ( 107 ) is configured to feedback a measured z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) to a processing unit ( 600 ), and the processing unit ( 600 ) is configured to recalculate the layered representation ( 601 ), particularly a number of layers of the layered representation ( 601 ), based on the feedback from the measuring unit ( 107 ).
18. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein a processing unit ( 600 ) is configured to recalculate the layered representation ( 601 ) after each workpiece material layer ( 800 ) that is ablated from the workpiece ( 101 ).
19. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein the measuring unit ( 107 ) is further configured to determine a first inclination or surface irregularity ( 901 ) of a lastly ablated workpiece material layer ( 900 ) by scanning the workpiece surface ( 109 ) in the x-y-plane and thereby measuring z-positions of the plurality of points of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) and a second inclination or surface irregularity ( 902 ) on the surface ( 109 ) of the workpiece ( 101 ), and the apparatus ( 100 ) is configured to ablate at least a next layer ( 800 ) based on the first inclination or surface irregularity ( 901 ) determined by the measuring unit ( 107 ).
20. The apparatus according to claim 3 , configured to shape the workpiece ( 101 ) by ablating, layer-by-layer, the plurality of layers ( 800 ) of workpiece material with the laser beam ( 102 ) wherein the apparatus ( 100 ) is configured to ablate at least a next layer ( 800 ) based on the first inclination or surface irregularity ( 901 ) determined by the measuring unit ( 107 ), and the laser controller ( 106 ) is configured to adapt, for at least the next layer ( 800 ), individually the energy of each laser pulse ( 200 ) or a trajectory of moving the workpiece ( 101 ) by changing the x-y-z-position after each laser pulse ( 200 ) based on the first inclination or surface irregularity ( 901 ) determined by the measuring unit ( 107 ).
21. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein the measuring unit ( 107 ) is configured to measure the z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) by using an electromagnetic radiation or acoustic waves.
22. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein the measuring unit ( 107 ) is configured to measure the z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) by measuring a characteristic length of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ).
23. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein the measuring unit ( 107 ) is configured to measure the z-position of the point of incidence ( 108 ) of the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ) on the workpiece ( 101 ) through the pressurized laminar fluid jet ( 104 ).
24. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein the measuring unit ( 107 ) is integrated into the machining unit ( 103 ).