Electrochemically recirculating atomic beam source
An atomic-beam source device is configured to provide a collimated beam of atoms, wherein solid-state electrochemistry is employed to recirculate atoms that are caught on collimation channel walls. The use of solid-state electrochemistry to recirculate atoms enables a chip-scale, dark-wall, high-quality collimated beam source that does not clog over time. Some variations provide an atomic-beam source device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode that is electrically isolated from the first electrode; a first ion conductor interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first ion conductor is capable of transporting metal ions, and wherein the first ion conductor is in contact with the first electrode and with the second electrode; and one or more collimation channels disposed outwardly from the first ion conductor. Methods of using the atomic-beam source device are disclosed, including methods to recirculate and reuse metal atoms adsorbed on collimation channel walls.
1. An atomic-beam source device comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode that is electrically isolated from said first electrode;
a first ion conductor interposed between said first electrode and said second electrode, wherein said first ion conductor is capable of transporting metal ions, and wherein said first ion conductor is in contact with said first electrode and with said second electrode; and
one or more collimation channels disposed outwardly from said first ion conductor, wherein said collimation channels are surrounded by collimation channel walls.
2. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said first electrode contains a porous and permeable electrically conductive layer or structure.
3. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said second electrode contains an atom-transporting phase capable of storing and transporting neutral metal atoms.
4. The atomic-beam source device of claim 3 , wherein said neutral metal atoms are reduced forms of said metal ions, and wherein said metal ions are selected from the group consisting of alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, rare earth metal ions, and mercury ions.
5. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said second electrode is encapsulated by said first ion conductor and a reservoir wall.
6. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said first ion conductor comprises a solid electrolyte.
7. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said first ion conductor comprises a material selected from the group consisting of β-alumina, β″-alumina, NASICON, LISICON, KSICON, chalcogenide glasses, and combinations thereof.
8. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said collimation channel walls contain a third electrode.
9. The atomic-beam source device of claim 8 , wherein said third electrode is disposed discontinuously on said collimation channel walls.
10. The atomic-beam source device of claim 8 , wherein said third electrode is disposed continuously on said collimation channel walls.
11. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said third electrode contains a porous and permeable electrically conductive material.
12. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said third electrode contains a carbonaceous material selected from the group consisting of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene, graphene oxide, holey graphene, graphene platelets, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, activated carbon, coke, pitch coke, petroleum coke, carbon black, amorphous carbon, glassy carbon, pyrolyzed carbon-containing molecules, pyrolyzed parylene, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and combinations thereof.
13. The atomic-beam source device of claim 1 , wherein said atomic-beam source device further comprises a second ion conductor that is capable of transporting said metal ions.
14. The atomic-beam source device of claim 13 , wherein said second ion conductor is the same material as said first ion conductor.
15. The atomic-beam source device of claim 13 , wherein said second ion conductor comprises a solid electrolyte.
16. The atomic-beam source device of claim 13 , wherein said second ion conductor comprises a material selected from the group consisting of β-alumina, β″-alumina, NASICON, LISICON, KSICON, chalcogenide glasses, and combinations thereof.
17. The atomic-beam source device of claim 13 , wherein said second ion conductor is a coating disposed on a dielectric or electron-conducting collimation channel wall substrate.
18. The atomic-beam source device of claim 13 , wherein said second ion conductor is in direct contact with said first ion conductor.
19. The atomic-beam source device of claim 18 , wherein said collimation channels are surrounded by collimation channel walls containing a third electrode, and wherein said second ion conductor is in ionic communication with said third electrode and with said first ion conductor.
20. The atomic-beam source device of claim 8 , wherein said atomic-beam source device further comprises a fourth electrode disposed at an interface between said first ion conductor and a second ion conductor that is capable of transporting said metal ions.
21. A method of electrochemically recirculating atoms adsorbed on atom-beam collimator channel walls, said method comprising:
providing an atomic-beam source device according to claim 1 , wherein said atomic-beam source device emits a metal vapor of neutral metal atoms;
applying a first voltage between said first electrode and said second electrode to source said metal vapor out of said collimation channels, wherein a portion of said metal vapor adsorbs onto collimation channel walls as adsorbed metal atoms; and
applying a second voltage between said first electrode and said second electrode to recirculate at least some of said adsorbed metal atoms from said collimation channel walls to said first electrode and/or to said second electrode.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein said second voltage is selected to recirculate at least some of said adsorbed metal atoms to said first electrode.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein said second voltage is selected to recirculate at least some of said adsorbed metal atoms to said second electrode.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein said method comprises repeatedly applying said first voltage to source said metal vapor out of said collimation channels and then applying said second voltage to recirculate at least some of said adsorbed metal atoms from said collimation channel walls to said second electrode and/or to said first electrode.
25. The method of claim 21 , wherein application of said second voltage recirculates at least 90% of said adsorbed metal atoms from said collimation channel walls to said first electrode and/or to said second electrode.
26. A method of electrochemically recirculating atoms adsorbed on atom-beam collimator channel walls, said method comprising:
providing an atomic-beam source device according to claim 1 , wherein said atomic-beam source device emits a metal vapor of neutral metal atoms; and
applying one or more voltages between said first electrode and said second electrode to source said metal vapor out of said collimation channels,
wherein, during application of said one or more voltages, a portion of said metal vapor adsorbs onto collimation channel walls as adsorbed metal atoms, and
wherein, during application of said one or more voltages, at least some of said adsorbed metal atoms are recirculated from said collimation channel walls to said first electrode and/or to said second electrode.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein said one or more voltages are selected to recirculate at least some of said adsorbed metal atoms to said first electrode.
28. The method of claim 26 , wherein said one or more voltages are selected to recirculate at least some of said adsorbed metal atoms to said second electrode.
29. The method of claim 26 , wherein application of said one or more voltages recirculates at least 90% of said adsorbed metal atoms from said collimation channel walls to said first electrode and/or to said second electrode.