Process for converting methanol to formaldehyde
A method for catalytic vapor phase oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde may include: passing a feed stream comprising methanol and oxygen through a layered catalyst bed having a first layer comprising a first silver catalyst particles and a second layer comprising a second silver catalyst particles that are different than the first silver catalyst particles, wherein the feed stream passes through the first layer before the second layer, wherein the first silver catalyst particles has a greater reaction activity for converting methanol and oxygen to formaldehyde; and reacting the methanol and the oxygen in the presence of the catalysts to produce a product stream comprising formaldehyde.
1. A method comprising:
passing a feed stream comprising methanol and oxygen through a layered catalyst bed having a first layer comprising a first silver catalyst particles and a second layer comprising a second silver catalyst particles that are different than the first silver catalyst particles, wherein the feed stream passes through the first layer before the second layer, wherein the first silver catalyst particles has a greater reaction activity for converting methanol and oxygen to formaldehyde, and wherein the first silver catalyst particles have sieved particle sizes ranging from about 0.25 mm to about 4 mm; and
reacting the methanol and the oxygen in the presence of the catalysts to produce a product stream comprising formaldehyde.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
cooling and purifying the product stream.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first silver catalyst particles has a purity of about 98% to about 99.5%, and wherein the second silver catalyst particles has a purity of about 85% to about 99%, where the purity of the first silver catalyst particles is greater than the purity of the second silver catalyst particles.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein one or both of the first and second silver catalyst particles comprises about 5 wt % to about 80 wt % of one or more alloy metals and about 20 wt % to about 95 wt % silver.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more alloy metals is selected from the group consisting of: palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and gold.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second silver catalyst particles have sieved particle sizes ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 4 mm, and wherein the first silver catalyst particles are sieved to include particles smaller than included in the second silver catalyst particles.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first silver catalyst particles have an apparent bulk density of about 3 g/mL or less, wherein the second silver catalyst particles have an apparent bulk density of about 3 g/mL or greater, and wherein the apparent bulk density of the first silver catalyst particles is smaller than the apparent bulk density of the second silver catalyst particles.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first silver catalyst particles have an oxygen desorption temperature of about 220° C. to about 270° C., wherein the second silver catalyst particles have an oxygen desorption temperature of about 270° C. to about 310° C., and wherein the oxygen desorption temperature of the first silver catalyst particles is smaller than the oxygen desorption temperature of the second silver catalyst particles.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first silver catalyst particles have a dendritic morphology.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first silver catalyst particles have an x-ray diffraction pattern characterized by having a (1 1 1) Miller index intensity greater than an intensity of each of the following Miller indices: (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0), (3 3 1), (420), and (1 1 0).
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first silver catalyst particles have an x-ray diffraction pattern characterized by having a (1 1 1): (2 2 0) Miller indices intensity ratio of about 1:1 to about 3.5:1.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first silver catalyst particles have an x-ray diffraction pattern characterized by having a (1 1 1): (1 1 0) Miller indices intensity ratio of about 1.5:1 or greater.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second silver catalyst particles have an x-ray diffraction pattern characterized by having a (1 1 1) Miller index intensity less than an intensity of one or more of the following Miller indices: (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (400), (3 3 1), (4 2 0), and (1 1 0).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second silver catalyst particles have an x-ray diffraction pattern characterized by having ratio of a (1 1 1) Miller index intensity to an intensity of a largest intensity peak between 30 degrees 2 theta angle and 120 degrees range 2 theta angle of 0.7 or less.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second silver catalyst particles have an x-ray diffraction pattern characterized by having a (1 1 1): (2 2 0) Miller indices ratio of about 0.05:1 to about 0.8:1.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein a weight ratio of the first layer to the second layer is about 0.01:1 to about 0.5:1.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the feed stream has a temperature of 90° C. to 170° C.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layered catalyst bed has an average bed temperature of 500° C. to 700° C.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layered catalyst bed has a pressure of about 0 psig to about 50 psig.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layered catalyst bed has a light off time of about 0.1 hours to about 3 hours.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the product stream has a temperature of 290° C. to 700° C.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the feed stream comprises, by volume, about 15% to about 43% methanol, about 5% to about 15% oxygen, about 35% to about 50% inert gas, 0% to 30% formaldehyde, and about 9% to about 30% water.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first silver catalyst particles have a surface area of about 0.01 m 2 /g to about 0.02 m 2 /g.