Fuel delivery
A gas turbine engine for an aircraft includes a staged combustion system having pilot fuel injectors and main fuel injectors. The gas turbine engine further includes a fuel delivery regulator arranged to control delivery of fuel to the pilot and main fuel injectors, and a fuel characteristic determination module configured to determine one or more fuel characteristics of the fuel being supplied to the staged combustion system. A controller is configured to determine a staging point defining the point at which the staged combustion system is switched between pilot-only operation and pilot-and-main operation, the staging point being determined based on the determined one or more fuel characteristics, the controller being configured to control the staged combustion system according to the determined staging point.
1. A method of operating a gas turbine engine for an aircraft, the gas turbine engine comprising a staged combustion system having pilot fuel injectors and main fuel injectors, the staged combustion system being operable in a pilot-only range of operation and a pilot-and-main range of operation, the method comprising:
determining one or more fuel characteristics of a fuel being supplied to the staged combustion system;
determining a staging point, defining the point at which the staged combustion system is switched between pilot-only operation and pilot-and-main operation, based on the determined one or more fuel characteristics; and
controlling the staged combustion system according to the determined staging point, wherein
the one or more fuel characteristics indicate that the fuel is associated with a lower nvPM production level compared to fossil kerosene, and the one or more fuel characteristics, based on which the staging point is determined, are determined using sensor data from a sensor,
the determined staging point is a cruise staging point,
the combustion system is controlled using the determined staging point during a cruise operating condition of the engine, and
the staging point is determined such that the staged combustion system is arranged to switch between the pilot-only range of operation and the pilot-and-main range of operation at a staging point which corresponds to a steady state cruise mode of operation of the engine, the staging point defining a boundary between a first cruise operation range and a second cruise operation range.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more fuel characteristics include any one or more of:
(i) a percentage of sustainable aviation fuel in the fuel;
(ii) an aromatic hydrocarbon content of the fuel; and/or
(iii) a naphthalene content of the fuel.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein determining the staging point comprises determining the staging point such that a staging point associated with one or more fuel characteristics that indicate that the fuel is associated with a low nvPM production corresponds to a higher engine power setting compared to a staging point associated with one or more fuel characteristics that indicate that the fuel is associated with a relatively higher nvPM production.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first cruise operation range corresponds to operation of the aircraft in a later part of a cruise segment of a flight, and the second cruise operation range corresponds to operation of the aircraft in a relatively earlier part of the cruise segment.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first cruise operation range corresponds to steady state subsonic cruise operation of the engine and the second cruise operation range corresponds to steady state supersonic cruise operation of the engine.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the determined staging point is an engine acceleration staging point, and the staged combustion system is controlled using the determined staging point during an acceleration operating condition of the engine, wherein the engine acceleration staging point is determined to be the same as the cruise staging point in response to the one or more fuel characteristics.