Determining hydrocarbon resource characteristics via mud logging
Methods (and related apparatus) include obtaining data regarding a measured property. The measured property includes an amount of each of predetermined hydrocarbons in a gas sample extracted from drilling fluid exiting a wellbore having a hydrocarbon resource. An unknown characteristic of an investigated fluid property of the hydrocarbon resource is predicted utilizing the obtained input data and one or more predetermined models each built via statistical classification and regression analysis of a preexisting database containing records. Each record includes known characteristics of fluid properties of a different one of known reservoir fluids. The fluid properties include the investigated fluid property and the measured property. The investigated fluid property includes a fluid type of the hydrocarbon resource, an amount of at least one additional hydrocarbon, gas-oil ratio, or stock tank oil density.
1. A method comprising:
obtaining input data regarding at least one measured property, wherein the at least one measured property includes an amount of each of a predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons in a gas sample extracted from drilling fluid after the drilling fluid exits a wellbore, and wherein the wellbore penetrates a subterranean formation comprising a hydrocarbon resource; and
predicting an unknown characteristic of an investigated fluid property of the hydrocarbon resource utilizing:
the obtained input data; and
one or more predetermined models each built via statistical classification and regression analysis of a preexisting database containing a plurality of records, wherein each record comprises known characteristics of a plurality of fluid properties of a different one of a plurality of known reservoir fluids, wherein the plurality of fluid properties comprises the investigated fluid property and the at least one measured property, and wherein the investigated fluid property comprises at least one of a fluid type of the hydrocarbon resource, an amount of at least one additional hydrocarbon, a gas-oil ratio (GOR), or a stock tank oil (STO) density; and
determining a first unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property comprises:
classifying the gas sample as one of a first predetermined clusters of a plurality of predetermined clusters by utilizing the obtained input data and a first predetermined classification model; and
determining the first unknown characteristic of the first investigated fluid property by utilizing the obtained input data and one of a first predetermined prediction models that is specific to the first predetermined cluster in which the gas sample is classified;
determining a second unknown characteristic of a second investigated fluid properly by:
classifying the gas sample as one of a second predetermined clusters of the plurality of predetermined clusters by utilizing the obtained input data and a second predetermined classification model; and
utilizing the obtained input data, the determined first unknown characteristic of the first investigated fluid property, and one of a second predetermined prediction models that is specific to the second predetermined cluster in which the gas sample is classified.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property is which of a predetermined plurality of fluid types characterizes the hydrocarbon resource;
the one or more predetermined models consist of just one predetermined model; and
determining the unknown characteristic comprises predicting that the hydrocarbon resource is one of the predetermined plurality of fluid types.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the predetermined plurality of fluid types consists of black oil, gas condensate, and dry gas.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property is a value for STO density.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the one or more predetermined models include:
a plurality of predetermined prediction models each specific to one of the plurality of predetermined clusters;
determining the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property comprises:
classifying the gas sample as one of the predetermined clusters by utilizing the obtained input data and the predetermined classification model; and
determining the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property by utilizing the obtained input data and the one of the predetermined prediction models that is specific to the predetermined cluster in which the gas sample is classified.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein:
the predetermined clusters are determined by performing unsupervised clustering of a first set of the records based on similarities of correlations between the predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons and the known characteristic of the investigated fluid property;
the predetermined classification model is determined by using a supervised technique that, for each of the first set of records, sets rules associating the amounts of each of the predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons of each of the first set of records to the corresponding cluster;
the predetermined classification model is validated using a second set of the records, exclusive of each of the first set of records, to confirm that each of the second records is associated with one of the predetermined clusters; and
for each predetermined cluster, the second set of the records corresponding to that predetermined cluster is utilized to build the predetermined prediction model specific to that predetermined cluster.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property is an amount or concentration of one or more additional hydrocarbons not included in the predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein:
the predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons consists of alkanes having less than six carbon atoms; and
the one or more additional hydrocarbons consist of alkanes having more than five carbon atoms.
9. The method of claim 5 wherein the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property is a value for STO density.
10. The method of claim 5 wherein:
the predetermined classification model is a first predetermined classification model;
the plurality of predetermined clusters is a plurality of first predetermined clusters;
the plurality of predetermined prediction models is a plurality of first predetermined prediction models each specific to one of the first predetermined clusters;
the one or more predetermined models further include:
the second predetermined classification model; and
a plurality of second predetermined prediction models each specific to one of a plurality of second predetermined clusters.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein:
the predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons consists of alkanes having less than six carbon atoms;
the first unknown characteristic of the first investigated fluid property is an amount or concentration of alkanes having more than five carbon atoms; and
the second unknown characteristic of the second investigated fluid property is a value for GOR.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein obtaining the input data comprises:
sampling the drilling fluid exiting the wellbore;
extracting gas from the sampled drilling fluid using an extractor having constant volume; and
analyzing the extracted gas to obtain the input data.
13. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
performing a drilling operation utilizing predetermined drilling parameters; and
before or during performance of the drilling operation, adjusting one or more of the predetermined drilling parameters based on the predicted unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property of the hydrocarbon resource.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the input data regarding an amount of each of the predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons includes molar gas composition of alkanes less than six carbon atoms.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one measured property includes one of density, resistivity, lithology, or nuclear magnetic resonance.
16. A system comprising:
a processing system comprising a processor and memory storing program code instructions executable by the processor to:
receive input data regarding at least one measured property, wherein the at least one measured property includes an amount of each of a predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons in a gas sample extracted from drilling fluid after the drilling fluid exits a wellbore, and wherein the wellbore penetrates a subterranean formation comprising a hydrocarbon resource; and
predict an unknown characteristic of an investigated fluid property of the hydrocarbon resource utilizing:
the received input data; and
one or more predetermined models each built via statistical classification and regression analysis of a preexisting database containing a plurality of records, wherein each record comprises known characteristics of a plurality of fluid properties of a different one of a plurality of known reservoir fluids, wherein the plurality of fluid properties comprises the investigated fluid property and the at least one measured property, and wherein the investigated fluid property comprises at least one of a fluid type of the hydrocarbon resource, an amount of at least one additional hydrocarbon, a gas-oil ratio (GOR), or a stock tank oil (STO) density; and
determine a first unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property comprises:
classifying the gas sample as one of a first predetermined clusters of a plurality of predetermined clusters by utilizing the obtained input data and a first predetermined classification model; and
determining the first unknown characteristic of the first investigated fluid property by utilizing the obtained input data and one of a first predetermined prediction models that is specific to the first predetermined cluster in which the gas sample is classified;
determine a second unknown characteristic of a second investigated fluid property by:
classifying the gas sample as one of a second predetermined clusters of the plurality of predetermined clusters by utilizing the obtained input data and a second predetermined classification model; and
utilizing the obtained input data, the determined first unknown characteristic of the first investigated fluid property, and one of a second predetermined prediction models that is specific to the second predetermined cluster in which the gas sample is classified.
17. The system of claim 16 further comprising:
a sampling device executable by the processor to sample the drilling fluid exiting the wellbore;
an extraction device executable by the processor to extract the gas sample from the sampled drilling fluid; and
an analysis device executable by the processor for determining the amount of each of the predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons in the extracted gas sample.
18. The system of claim 17 wherein:
the gas sample is a first gas sample;
the input data is first input data;
the sampling device is a first sampling device;
the extraction device is a first extraction device;
the analysis device is a first analysis device;
the system further comprises:
a second sampling device executable by the processor to sample drilling fluid entering the wellbore;
a second extraction device executable by the processor to extract a second gas sample from the sampled drilling fluid entering the wellbore; and
a second analysis device executable by the processor for determining the amount of each of the predetermined plurality of hydrocarbons in the second gas sample; and
the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
receive second input data regarding the at least one measured property of the second gas sample; and
predict the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property of the hydrocarbon resource utilizing:
the first input data;
the second input data; and
the one or more predetermined models.
19. The system of claim 16 wherein:
the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property is which of a predetermined plurality of fluid types characterizes the hydrocarbon resource;
the one or more predetermined models consist of just one predetermined model; and
determining the unknown characteristic comprises predicting that the hydrocarbon resource is one of the predetermined plurality of fluid types.
20. The system of claim 16 wherein:
the one or more predetermined model of the plurality of predetermined classification models; and
a plurality of predetermined prediction models each specific to one of a plurality of predetermined clusters;
determining the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property comprises:
classifying the gas sample as one of the predetermined clusters by utilizing the received input data and the predetermined classification model; and
determining the unknown characteristic of the investigated fluid property by utilizing the received input data and the one of the predetermined prediction models that is specific to the predetermined cluster in which the gas sample is classified.