IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,246,012
Granted Patent B2
US 12,246,012 · App. 18/125,612 · Granted Mar 11, 2025

Method for treating nervous system injuries using boldine and derivatives thereof

Inventors: Christopher Cardozo (Bronx, NY); Carlos A. Toro Chacon (Bronx, NY); Zachary Graham (Birmingham, AL); Wei Zhao (Bronx, NY); Juan C. Saez (Vina del Mar, CL)
Assignees: United States Government as represented by the Department of Veterans Affairs; Juan Saez
A61K31/47A61P25/00
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,246,012
App. No.
18/125,612
Granted
Mar 11, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Provided are methods of treating an injury to the nervous system in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of boldine, a boldine analog, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. Also provided are methods of improving voluntary muscle control and methods of treating neuropathic pain in a subject having an injury to the nervous system. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Claims (14)

1. A method of improving voluntary muscle control in a subject having an injury to the nervous system, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by the formula:

wherein R 1 is selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl;

wherein R 2 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NH 2 , —OH, —NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 aminoalkyl;

wherein each of R 3 and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 aminoalkyl; or wherein R 3 and R 4 join together to form a ring having 5-7 atoms;

wherein each of R 5 and R 6 is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 aminoalkyl; or wherein R 5 and R 6 join together to form a ring having 5-7 atoms; and

wherein R 7 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NH 2 , —OH, —NO 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 cyanoalkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, (C1-C4)(C1-C4) dialkylamino, and C1-C4 aminoalkyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby improving voluntary muscle control in the subject.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of R 1 , R 4 , and R 5 is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and propyl; wherein each of R 2 and R 7 is independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; and wherein each of R 3 and R 6 is hydrogen.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of R 1 , R 4 , and R 5 is methyl; wherein each of R 2 and R 7 is independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; and wherein each of R 3 and R 6 is hydrogen.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of R 1 , R 4 , and R 5 is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, and propyl; and wherein each of R 2 , R 3 , R 6 , and R 7 is hydrogen.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is represented by the formula:

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the injury to the nervous system is a spinal cord injury (SCI), spinal cord contusion, nerve crush injury, or traumatic brain injury (TBI).

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein a symptom of the injury to the nervous system is neuropathic pain.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein improving voluntary muscle control comprises improving locomotor function.

Continuity (4)
Division 17170821 · Feb 8, 2021
Provisional Application 63043572 · Jun 24, 2020
Provisional Application 62971757 · Feb 7, 2020
Related Publication 20230233548A1 · Jul 27, 2023
References Cited (141)
US 8188065B2 · Ellies et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20140023653A1 · Ellies et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO02077017A2 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010026487 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011127586A1 · 2011 [cited by examiner]
WO PCTUS2116943 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
Remandet et al, Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 5(3), 305-8 (Year: 1983). [cited by examiner]
Ahuja, C. S., S. Nori, L. Tetreault, J. Wilson, B. Kwon, J. Harrop, D. Choi and M. G. Fehlings (2017). “Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury-Repair and Regeneration.” Neurosurgery 80(3S): S9-S22. [cited by applicant]
Ataoglu, E., T. Tiftik, M. Kara, H. Tunc, M. Ersoz and S. Akkus (2013). “Effects of chronic pain on quality of life and depression in patients with spinal cord injury.” Spinal Cord 51(1): 23-26. [cited by applicant]
Austin, P. J. and G. Moalem-Taylor (2010). “The neuro-immune balance in neuropathic pain: involvement of inflammatory immune cells, immune-like glial cells and cytokines.” J Neuroimmunol 229(1-2): 26-50. [cited by applicant]
Basso, D. M., L. C. Fisher, A. J. Anderson, L. B. Jakeman, D. M. McTigue and P. G. Popovich (2006). “Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains… [cited by applicant]
Bazargani, N., and D. Attwell. 2016. ‘Astrocyte calcium signaling: the third wave’, Nat Neurosci, 19: 182-9. [cited by applicant]
Bennett, M. V., J. E. Contreras, F. F. Bukauskas and J. C. Saez (2003). “New roles for astrocytes: gap junction hemichannels have something to communicate.” Trends Neurosci 26(11): 610-617. [cited by applicant]
Cafferty, W. B., P. Duffy, E. Huebner and S. M. Strittmatter (2010). “MAG and OMgp synergize with Nogo-A to restrict axonal growth and neurological recovery after spinal cord trauma.” J Neurosci 30(20): 6825-6837. [cited by applicant]
Castany, S., G. Gris, J. M. Vela, E. Verdu and P. Boadas-Vaello (2018). “Critical role of sigma-1 receptors in central neuropathic pain-related behaviours after mild spinal cord injury in mice.” Sci Rep 8(1): 3873. [cited by applicant]
Cea, L. A., B. A. Cisterna, C. Puebla, M. Frank, X. F. Figueroa, C. Cardozo, K. Willecke, R. Latorre and J. C. Saez (2013). “De novo expression of connexin hemichannels in denervated fast skeletal muscles leads to atrop… [cited by applicant]
Chen, G., C. K. Park, R. G. Xie, T. Berta, M. Nedergaard, and R. R. Ji. 2014. ‘Connexin-43 induces chemokine release from spinal cord astrocytes to maintain late-phase neuropathic pain in mice’, Brain, 137: 2193-209. [cited by applicant]
Chever, 0., C. Y. Lee, and N. Rouach. 2014. ‘Astroglial connexin43 hemichannels tune basal excitatory synaptic transmission’, J Neurosci, 34: 11228-32. [cited by applicant]
Cisterna, B. A., A. A. Vargas, C. Puebla, and J. C. Saez. 2016. ‘Connexin hemichannels explain the ionic imbalance and lead to atrophy in denervated skeletal muscles’, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1862: 2168-76. [cited by applicant]
Colleoni, M. and P. Sacerdote (2010). “Murine models of human neuropathic pain.” Rinchim Biophys Acta 1802(10): 924-933. [cited by applicant]
Contreras, J. E., J. C. Saez, F. F. Bukauskas, and M. V. Bennett. 2003. ‘Gating and regulation of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels’, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100: 11388-93. [cited by applicant]
Courtine, G., B. Song, R. R. Roy, H. Zhong, J. E. Herrmann, Y. Ao, J. Qi, V. R. Edgerton, and M. V. Sofroniew. 2008. ‘Recovery of supraspinal control of stepping via indirect propriospinal relay connections after spinal… [cited by applicant]
Dallerac, G., 0. Chever, and N. Rouach. 2013. ‘How do astrocytes shape synaptic transmission? Insights from electrophysiology’, Front Cell Neurosci, 7: 159. [cited by applicant]
Deuis, J. R., L. S. Dvorakova and I. Vetter (2017). “Methods Used to Evaluate Pain Behaviors in Rodents” Front Mol Neurosci 10: 284. [cited by applicant]
Evans, W. H., E. De Vuyst, and L. Leybaert. 2006. ‘The gap junction cellular internet: connexin hemichannels enter the signalling limelight’, Biochem J, 397: 1-14. [cited by applicant]
Ezan, P., P. Andre, S. Cisternino, B. Saubamea, A. C. Boulay, S. Doutremer, M. A. Thomas, N. Quenech'du, C. Giaume, and M. Cohen-Salmon. 2012. ‘Deletion of astroglial connexins weakens the blood-brain barrier’, J Cereb … [cited by applicant]
Fehlings, M. G., and G. W. Hawryluk. 2010. ‘Scarring after spinal cord injury’, J Neurosurg Spine, 13: 165-7; discussion 67-8. [cited by applicant]
Fernandez, J., P. Lagos, P. Rivera, and E. Zamorano-Ponce. 2009. ‘Effect of boldo ( [cited by applicant]
Filipp, M. E., B. J. Travis, S. S. Henry, E. C. Idzikowski, S. A. Magnuson, M. Y. Loh, D. J. Hellenbrand, and A. S. Hanna. 2019. ‘Differences in neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury in varying animal models and huma… [cited by applicant]
Fitch, M. T., and J. Silver. 2008. ‘CNS injury, glial scars, and inflammation: Inhibitory extracellular matrices and regeneration failure’, Exp Neurol, 209: 294-301. [cited by applicant]
Giaume, C., L. Leybaert, C. C. Naus, and J. C. Saez. 2013. ‘Connexin and pannexin hemichannels in brain glial cells: properties, pharmacology, and roles’, Front Pharmacol, 4: 88. [cited by applicant]
Giaume, C., and X. Liu. 2012. ‘From a glial syncytium to a more restricted and specific glial networking’, J Physiol Paris, 106: 34-9. [cited by applicant]
Giaume, C., and K. D. McCarthy. 1996. ‘Control of gap-junctional communication in astrocytic networks’, Trends Neurosci, 19: 319-25. [cited by applicant]
Giaume, C., A. Tabernero, and J. M. Medina. 1997. ‘Metabolic trafficking through astrocytic gap junctions’, Glia, 21: 114-23. [cited by applicant]
Gonzales, C., M. M. Zaleska, D. R. Riddell, K. P. Atchison, A. Robshaw, H. Zhou and S. J. Sukoff Rizzo (2014). “Alternative method of oral administration by peanut butter pellet formulation results in target engagement … [cited by applicant]
Goralski, C. T., et al. “Isoquinoline Alkaloids 2. Preparation of d,I-Glaucine 1.5 Phosphate from d, I-Laudanosoline Hydrobromide” Organic Process Research & Development (1997) 1(4) 273-279. [cited by applicant]
Harris, A. L. (2007). “Connexin channel permeability to cytoplasmic molecules.” Prog Biophys Mol Biol 94(1-2): 120-143. [cited by applicant]
Henneberger, C., T. Papouin, S. H. Oliet, and D. A. Rusakov. 2010. ‘Long-term potentiation depends on release of D-serine from astrocytes’, Nature, 463: 232-6. [cited by applicant]
Henton, D.R., et al Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals (1989), 27(3), 297-307. [cited by applicant]
Hulsebosch, C. E., B. C. Hains, E. D. Crown and S. M. Carlton (2009). “Mechanisms of chronic central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.” Brain Res Rev 60(1): 202-213. [cited by applicant]
Hulsebosch, C. E., G. Y. Xu, J. R. Perez-Polo, K. N. Westlund, C. P. Taylor and D. J. McAdoo (2000). “Rodent model of chronic central pain after spinal cord contusion injury and effects of gabapentin.” J Neurotrauma 17(… [cited by applicant]
Huang, C., X. Han, X. Li, E. Lam, W. Peng, N. Lou, A. Torres, M. Yang, J. M. Garre, G. F. Tian, M. V. Bennett, M. Nedergaard, and T. Takano. 2012. ‘Critical role of connexin 43 in secondary expansion of traumatic spinal… [cited by applicant]
Jensen, M. P., M. J. Chodroff and R. H. Dworkin (2007). “The impact of neuropathic pain on health- related quality of life: review and implications.” Neurology 68(15): 1178-1182. [cited by applicant]
Ji, R. R., Z. Z. Xu and Y. J. Gao (2014). “Emerging targets in neuroinflammation-driven chronic pain” Nat Rev Drug Discov 13(7): 533-548. [cited by applicant]
Kim, D., S. Lee and S. J. Lee (2009). “Toll-like receptors in peripheral nerve injury and neuropathic pain” Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 336: 169-186. [cited by applicant]
Leal-Filho, M. B. 2011. ‘Spinal cord injury: From inflammation to glial scar’, Surg Neurol Int, 2: 112. [cited by applicant]
Lee, I. H., E. Lindqvist, 0. Kiehn, J. Widenfalk, and L. Olson. 2005. ‘Glial and neuronal connexin expression patterns in the rat spinal cord during development and following injury’, J Comp Neural, 489: 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Maeda, S., S. Nakagawa, M. Suga, E. Yamashita, A. Oshima, Y. Fujiyoshi and T. Tsukihara (2009). “Structure of the connexin 26 gap junction channel at 3.5 A resolution.” Nature 458(7238): 597-602. [cited by applicant]
Mao, Y., T. Nguyen, R. S. Tonkin, J. G. Lees, C. Warren, S. J. O'Carroll, L. F. B. Nicholson, C. R. Green, G. Moalem-Taylor and C. A. Gorrie (2017). “Characterisation of Peptide5 systemic administration for treating tra… [cited by applicant]
Mao, Y., R. S. Tonkin, T. Nguyen, S. J. O'Carroll, L. F. Nicholson, C. R. Green, G. Moalem-Taylor and C. A. Gorrie (2017). “Systemic Administration of Connexin43 Mimetic Peptide Improves Functional Recovery after Trauma… [cited by applicant]
Marchettini, P., M. Lacerenza, E. Mauri and C. Marangoni (2006). “Painful peripheral neuropathies.” Curr Neuropharmacol 4(3): 175-181. [cited by applicant]
Martinov, T., M. Mack, A. Sykes and D. Chatterjea (2013). “Measuring changes in tactile sensitivity in the hind paw of mice using an electronic von Frey apparatus.” J Vis Exp(82): e51212. [cited by applicant]
Milian, L., “Synthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of halogenated alkaloids from boldine”, Medicinal Chemistry Research (2012), 21(10), 3133-3139. [cited by applicant]
Nagoshi, N., S. Kaneko, K. Fujiyoshi, M. Takemitsu, M. Yagi, S. lizuka, A. Miyake, A. Hasegawa, M. Machida, T. Konomi, M. Machida, T. Asazuma, and M. Nakamura. 2016. ‘Characteristics of neuropathic pain and its relation… [cited by applicant]
Nuriel, T., S. L. Angulo, U. Khan, A. Ashok, Q. Chen, H. Y. Figueroa, S. Emrani, L. Liu, M. Herman, G. Barrett, V. Savage, L. Buitrago, E. Cepeda-Prado, C. Fung, E. Goldberg, S. S. Gross, S. A. Hussaini, H. Moreno, S. A… [cited by applicant]
Nwabuisi-Heath, E., G. W. Rebeck, M. J. Ladu, and C. Yu. 2014. ‘ApoE4 delays dendritic spine formation during neuron development and accelerates loss of mature spines in vitro’, ASN Neuro, 6: e00134. [cited by applicant]
O'Brien, P., C. Carrasco-Pozo, and H. Speisky. 2006. ‘Boldine and its antioxidant or healthpromoting properties’, Chem Biol Interact, 159: 1-17. [cited by applicant]
O'Carroll, S. J., C. A. Gorrie, S. Velamoor, C. R. Green, and L. F. Nicholson. 2013. ‘Connexin43 mimetic peptide is neuroprotective and improves function following spinal cord injury’, Neurosci Res, 75: 256-67. [cited by applicant]
O'Shea, T. M., J. E. Burda, and M. V. Sofroniew. 2017. ‘Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair’, J Clin Invest, 127: 3259-70. [cited by applicant]
Pasala, V.K., “Semi synthesis of open (1,2,9,10) and closed (1,2, & 9, 10) 7-oxoaporphines and related analogues of Boldine” Journal of Applicable Chemistry (2017) 6(5), 817-824. [cited by applicant]
Parpura, V., E. Scemes, and D. C. Spray. 2004. ‘Mechanisms of glutamate release from astrocytes: gap junction “hemichannels”, purinergic receptors and exocytotic release’, Neurochem Int, 45: 259-64. [cited by applicant]
Putzke, J. D., J. S. Richards, B. L. Hicken, and M. J. DeVivo. 2002. ‘Interference due to pain following spinal cord injury: important predictors and impact on quality of life’, Pain, 100: 231-42. [cited by applicant]
Retamal, M. A., N. Froger, N. Palacios-Prado, P. Ezan, P. J. Saez, J. C. Saez, and C. Giaume. 2007. ‘Cx43 hemichannels and gap junction channels in astrocytes are regulated oppositely by proinflammatory cytokines releas… [cited by applicant]
Rintala, D. H., P. G. Loubser, J. Castro, K. A. Hart and M. J. Fuhrer (1998). “Chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury: prevalence, severity, and relationship with impairment, disability,… [cited by applicant]
Rouach, N., A. Koulakoff, V. Abudara, K. Willecke, and C. Giaume. 2008. ‘Astroglial metabolic networks sustain hippocampal synaptic transmission’, Science, 322: 1551-5. [cited by applicant]
Roy, R. R., and V. R. Edgerton. 2012. ‘Neurobiological perspective of spasticity as occurs after a spinal cord injury’, Exp Neurol, 235: 116-22. [cited by applicant]
Schalper, K. A., H. A. Sanchez, S. C. Lee, G. A. Altenberg, M. H. Nathanson, and J. C. Saez. 2010. ‘Connexin 43 hemichannels mediate the Ca2+ influx induced by extracellular alkalinization’, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2… [cited by applicant]
Siddall, P. J., J. M. McClelland, S. B. Rutkowski and M. J. Cousins (2003). “A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury.” Pain 103(3): 249- 257. [cited by applicant]
Simard, M., G. Arcuino, T. Takano, Q. S. Liu and M. Nedergaard (2003). “Signaling at the gliovascular interface.” J Neurosci 23(27): 9254-9262. [cited by applicant]
Shintani-Ishida, K., K. Uemura, and K. Yoshida. 2007. ‘Hemichannels in cardiomyocytes open transiently during ischemia and contribute to reperfusion injury following brief ischemia’, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 293… [cited by applicant]
Sobarzo-Sanchez, E., “New heterocyclic skeletons derived from the aporphine alkaloid boldine” Synthetic Communications (2002), 32(23), 3687-3693. [cited by applicant]
Theriault, E., U. N. Frankenstein, E. L. Hertzberg, and J. I. Nagy. 1997. ‘Connexin43 and astrocytic gap junctions in the rat spinal cord after acute compression injury’, J Comp Neurol, 382: 199-214. [cited by applicant]
Thormet, F. A et al., “Cytotoxic thiocarbamate derivatives of boldine” Natural Product Communications (2010), 5(10) 1587-1590. [cited by applicant]
Tonkin, R. S., Y. Mao, S. J. O'Carroll, L. F. Nicholson, C. R. Green, C. A. Gorrie, and G. Moalem-Taylor. 2014. ‘Gap junction proteins and their role in spinal cord injury’, Front Mol Neurosci, 7: 102. [cited by applicant]
Vavrek, R., J. Girgis, W. Tetzlaff, G. W. Hiebert, and K. Fouad. 2006. ‘BDNF promotes connections of corticospinal neurons onto spared descending interneurons in spinal cord injured rats’, Brain, 129: 1534-45. [cited by applicant]
Volterra, A., and J. Meldolesi. 2005. ‘Astrocytes, from brain glue to communication elements: the revolution continues’, Nat Rev Neurosci, 6: 626-40. [cited by applicant]
Wallraff, A., R. Kohling, U. Heinemann, M. Theis, K. Willecke and C. Steinhauser (2006). “The impact of astrocytic gap junctional coupling on potassium buffering in the hippocampus.” J Neurosci 26(20): 5438- 5447. [cited by applicant]
Widerstrom-Noga, E., F. Biering-Sorensen, T. Bryce, D. D. Cardenas, N. B. Finnerup, M. P. Jensen, J. S. Richards, and P. J. Siddall. 2008. ‘The international spinal cord injury pain basic data set’, Spinal Cord, 46: 818… [cited by applicant]
Wu, J., C. Raver, C. Piao, A. Keller and A. I. Faden (2013). “Cell cycle activation contributes to increased neuronal activity in the posterior thalamic nucleus and associated chronic hyperesthesia after rat spinal cord… [cited by applicant]
Wu, J., C. L. Renn, A. I. Faden and S. G. Dorsey (2013). “TrkB.T1 contributes to neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury through regulation of cell cycle pathways.” J Neurosci 33(30): 12447-12463. [cited by applicant]
Wu, J., B. A. Stoica, T. Luo, B. Sabirzhanov, Z. Zhao, K. Guanciale, S. K. Nayar, C. A. Foss, M. G. Pomper and A. I. Faden (2014). “Isolated spinal cord contusion in rats induces chronic brain neuroinflammation, neurode… [cited by applicant]
Xie, H. Y., Y. Cui, F. Deng, and J. C. Feng. 2015. ‘Connexin: a potential novel target for protecting the central nervous system?’, Neural Regen Res, 10: 659-66. [cited by applicant]
Yates, C., A. Charlesworth, S. R. Allen, N. B. Reese, R. D. Skinner, and E. Garcia-Rill. 2008. ‘The onset of hyperreflexia in the rat following complete spinal cord transection’, Spinal Cord, 46: 798-803. [cited by applicant]
M, C., P. Ezan, P. Fernandez, J. Schmitt, J. C. Saez, C. Giaume, and A. Koulakoff. 2017. ‘Inhibition of glial hemichannels by boldine treatment reduces neuronal suffering in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease’, Glia,… [cited by applicant]
Zhao, W., L. Ho, M. Varghese, S. Yemul, K. Dams-O'Connor, W. Gordon, L. Knable, D. Freire, V. Haroutunian and G. M. Pasinetti (2013). “Decreased level of olfactory receptors in blood cells following traumatic brain inju… [cited by applicant]
Zhao, W., L. Ho, J. Wang, W. Bi, S. Yemul, L. Ward, D. Freire, P. Mazzola, J. Brathwaite, M. Mezei, R. Sanchez, G. A. Elder and G. M. Pasinetti (2016). “In Silico Modeling of Novel Drug Ligands for Treatment of Concussi… [cited by applicant]
Ahuja, C.S., et al., The leading edge: Emerging neuroprotective and neuroregenerative cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2020. 9(12): p. 1509-1530. [cited by applicant]
Badhiwala, J.H., C.S. Ahuja, and M.G. Fehlings, [cited by applicant]
Wang, X., et al., P2X7 receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury. Nat Med, 2004. 10(8): p. 821-7. [cited by applicant]
Spray, D.C. and M. Hanani, Gap junctions, pannexins and pain. Neurosci Lett, 2019. 695: p. 46-52. [cited by applicant]
Abou-Mrad, Z., et al., Role of connexins in spinal cord injury: An update. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2020. 197: p. 106102. [cited by applicant]
Munoz, M.F., T.N. Griffith, and J.E. Contreras, Mechanisms of ATP release in pain: role of pannexin and connexin channels. Purinergic Signal, 2021. 17(4): p. 549-561. [cited by applicant]
Cisterna, B.A., C. Cardozo, and J.C. Saez, [cited by applicant]
Sáez, J.C., et al., Regulation of pannexin and connexin channels and their functional role in skeletal muscles. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2015. 72(15): p. 2929-35. [cited by applicant]
Giaume, C., et al., Glial Connexins and Pannexins in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Physiol Rev, 2021. 101(1): p. 93-145. [cited by applicant]
Yi, C., et al., Inhibition of glial hemichannels by boldine treatment reduces neuronal suffering in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Glia, 2017. 65(10): p. 1607-1625. [cited by applicant]
Garcia-Rodriguez, C., et al., Contribution of non-selective membrane channels and receptors in epilepsy. Pharmacol Ther, 2022. 231: p. 107980. [cited by applicant]
Di Virgilio, F., et al., The P2Z/P2X7 receptor of microglial cells: a novel immunomodulatory receptor. Prog Brain Res, 1999. 120: p. 355-68. [cited by applicant]
Peng, W., et al., Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009. 106(30): p. 12489-93. [cited by applicant]
Toro, C.A., et al., The Human ApoE4 Variant Reduces Functional Recovery and Neuronal Sprouting After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury in Male Mice. Front Cell Neurosci, 2021. 15: p. 626192. [cited by applicant]
Scheff, S.W., et al., Experimental modeling of spinal cord injury: characterization of a force-defined injury device. J Neurotrauma, 2003. 20(2): p. 179-93. [cited by applicant]
Cummings, B.J., et al., Adaptation of a ladder beam walking task to assess locomotor recovery in mice following spinal cord injury. Behav Brain Res, 2007. 177(2): p. 232-41. [cited by applicant]
Wang, F., et al., RNAscope: a novel in situ RNA analysis platform for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. J Mol Diagn, 2012. 14(1): p. 22-9. [cited by applicant]
Oliveira, A.L., et al., A role for MHC class I molecules in synaptic plasticity and regeneration of neurons after axotomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. 101(51): p. 17843-8. [cited by applicant]
Toro, C.A., et al., Trithorax dependent changes in chromatin landscape at enhancer and promoter regions drive female puberty. Nat Commun, 2018. 9(1): p. 57. [cited by applicant]
Mariottini, C., et al., [cited by applicant]
Stillitano, F., et al., Modeling susceptibility to drug-induced long QT with a panel of subject-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Elife, 2017. 6. [cited by applicant]
Hansen, J., et al., Systems pharmacology-based integration of human and mouse data for drug repurposing to treat thoracic aneurysms. JCI Insight, 2019. 4(11). [cited by applicant]
Chen, E.Y., et al., Enrichr: interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool. BMC Bioinformatics, 2013. 14: p. 128. [cited by applicant]
Shah, P.K., et al., Use of quadrupedal step training to re-engage spinal interneuronal networks and improve locomotor function after spinal cord injury. Brain, 2013. 136(Pt 11): p. 3362-77. [cited by applicant]
Kerstetter, A.E. and R.H. Miller, [cited by applicant]
Koshimizu, T., M. Koshimizu, and S.S. Stojilkovic, [cited by applicant]
Brenner, M., [cited by applicant]
Peng, S., et al., Precursor form of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor are decreased in the pre-clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem, 2005. 93(6): p. 1412-21. [cited by applicant]
Miller, A.D., et al., Acute traumatic spinal cord injury induces glial activation in the cynomolgus macaque ( [cited by applicant]
Koshi, T., et al., Lumbar posterolateral fusion inhibits sensory nerve ingrowth into punctured lumbar intervertebral discs and upregulation of CGRP immunoreactive DRG neuron innervating punctured discs in rats. Eur Spin… [cited by applicant]
Rash, J.E., et al., Identification of cells expressing Cx43, Cx30, Cx26, Cx32 and Cx36 in gap junctions of rat brain and spinal cord. Cell Commun Adhes, 2001. 8(4-6): p. 315-20. [cited by applicant]
Nagy, J.I., et al., Coupling of astrocyte connexins Cx26, Cx30, Cx43 to oligodendrocyte Cx29, Cx32, Cx47: Implications from normal and connexin32 knockout mice. Glia, 2003. 44(3): p. 205-18. [cited by applicant]
Anselmi, F., et al., ATP release through connexin hemichannels and gap junction transfer of second messengers propagate Ca2+ signals across the inner ear. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008. 105(48): p. 18770-5. [cited by applicant]
Yu, C.W., et al., Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and CCL2 suppress expression of circadian gene Period2 in mammary epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech, 2018. 1861(11): p. 1007-1017. [cited by applicant]
Mooren, F.C., et al., The response of the novel pro-inflammatory molecules S100A8/A9 to exercise. Int J Sports Med, 2006. 27(9): p. 751-8. [cited by applicant]
Brown, C.M., et al., Production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines during neuroinflammation: novel roles for estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology, 2010. 151(10): p. 4916-25. [cited by applicant]
Xuan, F.L., et al., [cited by applicant]
Spiller, K.J., et al., Reduction of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) protects motor neurons from TDP-43-triggered death in rNLS8 mice. Neurobiol Dis, 2019. 124: p. 133-140. [cited by applicant]
Antonucci, F., et al., SNAP-25, a Known Presynaptic Protein with Emerging Postsynaptic Functions. Front Synaptic Neurosci, 2016. 8: p. 7. [cited by applicant]
Zhong, J., et al., Expression of mRNAs encoding subunits of the NMDA receptor in developing rat brain. J Neurochem, 1995. 64(2): p. 531-9. [cited by applicant]
Ryden, M., B. Hempstead, and C.F. Ibanez, Differential modulation of neuron survival during development by nerve growth factor binding to the p75 neurotrophin receptor. J Biol Chem, 1997. 272(26): p. 16322-8. [cited by applicant]
Hayakawa, K., et al., Phosphorylated neurofilament subunit NF-H as a biomarker for evaluating the severity of spinal cord injury patients, a pilot study. Spinal Cord, 2012. 50(7): p. 493-6. [cited by applicant]
Turney, S.G., et al., Nerve growth factor stimulates axon outgrowth through negative regulation of growth cone actomyosin restraint of microtubule advance. Mol Biol Cell, 2016. 27(3): p. 500-17. [cited by applicant]
Fornaro, M., et al., Role of neurotrophic factors in enhancing linear axonal growth of ganglionic sensory neurons in vitro. Neural Regen Res, 2020. 15(9): p. 1732-1739. [cited by applicant]
Sluyter, R. and L. Stokes, [cited by applicant]
Zhang, C., et al., Inhibition of astrocyte hemichannel improves recovery from spinal cord injury. JCI Insight, 2021. 6(5). [cited by applicant]
Basso, D.M., M.S. Beattie, and J.C. Bresnahan, Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weight-drop device versus transection. Exp Neurol, 1996. 139(2): p. 244-56. [cited by applicant]
Alizadeh, A., S.M. Dyck, and S. Karimi-Abdolrezaee, Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms. Front Neurol, 2019. 10: p. 282. [cited by applicant]
Bareyre, F.M., et al., The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats. Nat Neurosci, 2004. 7(3): p. 269-77. [cited by applicant]
Asboth, L., et al., Cortico-reticulo-spinal circuit reorganization enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord contusion. Nat Neurosci, 2018. 21(4): p. 576-588. [cited by applicant]
Russ, D.E., et al., A harmonized atlas of mouse spinal cord cell types and their spatial organization. Nat Commun, 2021. 12(1): p. 5722. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 62/971,757, filed Feb. 7, 2020, Christopher Cardozo. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 63/043,572, filed Jun. 24, 2020, Christopher Cardozo. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 17/170,821, filed Feb. 8, 2021, Christopher Cardozo. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 63/483,533, filed Feb. 6, 2023, Christopher Cardozo. [cited by applicant]