Tissue stain and use thereof
Provided is a tissue staining composition containing carbon particles having a mean particle diameter less than 0.3 μm in diameter (optionally less than 0.2 μm in diameter) together with one or more agents that maintain the carbon particles in suspension (for example, an anti-settling agent and/or surfactant). In certain circumstances, the anti-settling agent may also have mucoadhesive properties. The tissue staining composition is visually dark and does not disperse rapidly when introduced into regions of tissue of interest making it ideal for marking the regions that can be visualized clearly and over prolonged periods of time via, for example, direct visualization, endoscopic or laparoscopic inspection. The invention also provides methods of making and using the tissue staining composition for marking regions of tissue of interest, for example, gastrointestinal tissue, as well as other tissues.
1. A liquid tissue staining composition comprising:
deagglomerated carbon particles at a concentration of from about 0.025% to 2.0% (w/v) having a mean particle diameter of from about 0.05 μm to less than 0.2 μm;
an anti-settling agent; (ASA) at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 1.0% (w/v), and wherein the ASA is selected from the group of hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, dextran, and guar gum; and
an optional mucoadhesive agent.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein, when centrifuged for 60 minutes at 5,000×g, less than 50% of the carbon particles settle out of solution.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ASA is also a mucoadhesive agent.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mucoadhesive agent is present in the composition.
5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the mucoadhesive agent is hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, dextran, or guar gum.
6. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising a viscosity-increasing agent.
7. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the viscosity-increasing agent is present at a concentration of from about 5% to about 25% (w/v).
8. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the viscosity-increasing agent is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, propylene glycol, isopropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and cellulose.
9. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising an anti-foaming agent.
10. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the anti-foaming agent is present at a concentration of from about 0.005% to about 1.0% (w/v).
11. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the anti-foaming agent is selected from the group consisting of dimethicone and simethicone.
12. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising a surfactant.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.
14. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the surfactant is present at a concentration of from about 0.01% to about 2.0% (w/V).
15. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene sorbitan esterified with fatty acid.
16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the carbon particles are derived from carbon black, activated carbon, unactivated carbon or a combination thereof.
17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the carbon particles have a level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of no greater than 0.5 ppm based on the total amount of carbon particles.
18. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is terminally sterilized.
19. The composition of claim 1 , comprising:
(a) from about 0.025% to 2.0% (w/v) carbon particles; from 0.1% to about 1% (w/v) of the ASA selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, dextran, and guar gum; when present from about 5.0% to about 25% (w/v) viscosity-increasing agent; from about 0.005% to about 1.0% (w/v) anti-foaming agent; from about 0.1% to about 2.0% (w/v) surfactant; and water; or
(b) from about 0.025% to about 1.0% (w/v) carbon particles; from about 0.25% to about 1.0% (w/v) of the ASA; from about 12% to about 18% (w/v) of viscosity-increasing agent; from about 0.05% to about 0.25% (w/v) anti-foaming agent; and from about 0.7% to about 1.5% (w/v) surfactant; and water.
20. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a preservative, optionally benzyl alcohol.
21. A method of preparing the tissue staining composition of claim 1 , the method comprising:
(a) producing a composition comprising deagglomerated carbon particles having a mean particle diameter of less than 0.2 μm in diameter and optionally a surfactant; and optionally
(b) combining the composition comprising the carbon particles with an optional ASA and an optional mucoadhesive agent to produce the tissue staining composition.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the carbon particles in step (a) are produced by sonicating or homogenizing carbon particles having mean particle diameter of greater than 5 μm in diameter.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein, during step (a), the composition comprises the surfactant and further comprises an anti-foaming agent.
24. A method of staining a region of tissue in a subject, the method comprising injecting the tissue staining composition of claim 1 into the region of tissue of interest in the subject in an amount effective to stain the region so as to be visible by visual inspection.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the tissue is tissue present in the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, lung, breast, lymph node, or central or peripheral nervous system of the subject.