IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,286,437
Granted Patent B2
US 12,286,437 · App. 18/423,156 · Granted Apr 29, 2025

Cardiac sarcomere inhibitors

Inventors: Bradley P. Morgan (South San Francisco, CA); Chihyuan Chuang (South San Francisco, CA); Luke W. Ashcraft (South San Francisco, CA); Justin Ho (South San Francisco, CA); Alfredo Garcia (South San Francisco, CA); Aroop Chandra (Carmel, IN)
Assignee: CYTOKINETICS, INC.
C07D487/10A61P9/04
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,286,437
App. No.
18/423,156
Granted
Apr 29, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Provided are compounds of Formula (I): or stereoisomer or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as defined herein. Also provided is a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or stereoisomer or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing. Also provided are methods of using a compound of Formula (I), or stereoisomer or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing.

Claims (25)

1. A method of treating a heart disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heart disease is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is obstructive or nonobstructive or is caused by (i) sarcomeric mutations, (ii) non-sarcomeric mutations, or (iii) both sarcomeric mutations and non-sarcomeric mutations.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heart disease is heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heart disease is selected from the group consisting of diastolic dysfunction, primary or secondary restrictive cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and angina pectoris, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, hypertensive heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiac ischemia, coronary heart disease, diabetic heart disease, congestive heart failure, right heart failure, cardiorenal syndrome, and infiltrative cardiomyopathy.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heart disease is or is related to one or more conditions selected from the group consisting of cardiac senescence, diastolic dysfunction due to aging, left ventricular hypertrophy, and concentric left ventricular remodeling.

7. A method of treating a disease or condition associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of Fabry's Disease, Danon Disease, mitochondrial cardiomyopathies, and Noonan Syndrome.

9. A method of treating a disease or condition that is associated with secondary left ventricular wall thickening in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of hypertension, valvular heart diseases, aortic stenosis, Mitral valve regurgitation, metabolic syndromes, diabetes, obesity, end stage renal disease, scleroderma, sleep apnea, amyloidosis, Fabry's disease, Friedreich Ataxia, Danon disease, Noonan syndrome, and Pompe disease.

11. A method of treating a disease or condition that is associated with small left ventricular cavity and cavity obliteration, hyperdynamic left ventricular contraction, myocardial ischemia, or cardiac fibrosis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

12. A method of treating heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of formula:

13. A method of inhibiting a cardiac sarcomere, comprising contacting the cardiac sarcomere with a compound of formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

14. The method of claim 3 , wherein the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by sarcomeric mutations.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sarcomeric mutation is a mutation in myosin heavy chain β (MHC-β), cardiac muscle troponin T (cTnT), tropomyosin alpha-1 chain (TPM1), myosin-binding protein C cardiac-type (MYBPC3), cardiac troponin 1 (cTnI), myosin essential light chain (ELC), titin (TTN), myosin regulatory light chain 2 ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC-2), cardiac muscle alpha actin, or muscle LIM protein (MLP).

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the sarcomeric mutation is a mutation in MHC-β.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the sarcomeric mutation is a mutation in cTnT.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the sarcomeric mutation is a mutation in MYBPC3.

19. The method of claim 3 , wherein the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by non-sarcomeric mutations.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the non-sarcomeric mutation is a mutation in protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2 (PRKAG2).

Assignments (2)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Apr 24, 2025
From: CHANDRA, AROOP
To: CYTOKINETICS, INC.
Reel/Frame 070935/0344 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Feb 6, 2024
From: MORGAN, BRADLEY P.; CHUANG, CHIHYUAN; ASHCRAFT, LUKE W.; HO, JUSTIN; GARCIA, ALFREDO
To: CYTOKINETICS, INC.
Reel/Frame 066393/0399 →
Continuity (3)
Continuation 17685778 · Mar 3, 2022
Provisional Application 63156853 · Mar 4, 2021
Related Publication 20240309011A1 · Sep 19, 2024
References Cited (152)
US 5846514A · Foster · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5919785A · Dinsmore · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6334997B1 · Foster · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 8592426B2 · Aebi et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 9181200B2 · Oslob · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9199945B2 · Oslob · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9663516B2 · Oslob · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9925177B2 · Oslob · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10836755B2 · Chuang et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 11414424B2 · Chuang et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11472796B2 · Chuang et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11919909B2 · Morgan · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 11952381B2 · Chuang et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 11964967B2 · Morgan · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 12065436B2 · Chuang · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20060173183A1 · Powers · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060241110A1 · Morgan · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070078126A1 · Morgan et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070155713A1 · Nishizawa et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20090192168A1 · Muci et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20130018055A1 · Aebi et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130296335A1 · Morgan et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20160176868A1 · Oslob et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160289211A1 · Ashcraft · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20190256504A1 · Chuang · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190276435A1 · Shepard et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200000822A1 · Kruse · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200054636A1 · Semigran et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200109148A1 · Chuang · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210147399A1 · Chuang et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210253563A1 · Morgan et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210276991A1 · Morgan et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210323913A1 · Martin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220306642A1 · Morgan et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230090256A1 · Chuang et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230119665A1 · Chuang et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240132498A1 · Chuang · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CL 2008001170A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CL 2014001772A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CL 2015003689A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CL 2020001871A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CL 2020002399A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CL 2021000443A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CL 2021000481A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CL 2021001083A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CL 2020002275A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CL 2023002605A1 · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CL 2024001620A1 · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CN 105473576A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 114456163A · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CN 114516843A · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CN 114539229A · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CN 114539257A · 2022 [cited by applicant]
EA 020138B1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
JP 2016522263A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2003059265A2 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO 2003059265A3 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO 2004064730A2 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006009726A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006060318A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006116150A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2007078815A2 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO 2007117180A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008130320A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008130320A3 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2010130796A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO 2012101011A2 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013108227A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014205223A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014205234A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017103219A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017103223A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017222951A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018063955A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018089433A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019144041A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019182925A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019226213A2 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019226213A3 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020005887A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020005888A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020047323A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020047447A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020092208A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2021011807A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO 2021011808A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO 2021092598A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO 2022047004A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO 2022105852A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO 2022111498A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO 2022187501A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
Berge, S.M. et al. (Jan. 1977). “Pharmaceuticals Salts,” J. Pharmaceutical Sciences 66(1):1-19. [cited by applicant]
Boxenbaum, H. (Nov. 9, 1981). “Interspecies Scaling, Allometry, Physiological Times, and the Ground Plan of Pharmacokinetics,” Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 10(2):201-227. [cited by applicant]
Caputo, S. et al. (Nov. 28, 2017). “Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Various Enantiopure Heterocycles by Coupling Organocatalysis with Multicomponent Reactions,” European J. of Chem. 2017(45):6619-6628. [cited by applicant]
CAS (Dec. 5, 2011). “STN Registry Database Entry for CAS RN 1348860-91-2,” accessed Feb. 13, 2021, 1 page. [cited by applicant]
CAS (Nov. 12, 2007). “STN Registry Database entry for CAS RN 953060-71-4,” accessed Jul. 15, 2021, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Dahl, L.K. et al. (Jun. 1, 1962). “Effects of Chronic Excess Salt Ingestion Evidence That Genetic Factors Play an Important Role in Susceptibility to Experimental Hypertension,” J Exp Med. 115(6):1173-1190. [cited by applicant]
Database Registry (Jun. 18, 2008). RN-1028938-65-9 Emory MLSC database: “2, 5-Piperazinediones, 4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-phenylethyl)-,” Chemical Abstracts Service, 1 page. [cited by applicant]
Database Registry (Jun. 24, 2008). RN-1030378-92-7 Emory MLSC database: “1-Piperazineacetamide, 3-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-4- [(4-methylphenyl)methyl]-2,5-dioxo,” Chemical Abstracts Service, 1 page. [cited by applicant]
Database Registry (Nov. 4, 2011). RN-1340679-26-6 ChemDiv, Inc.: “2, 5-Piperazinedione, 1-(-3_methylbutyl)-4-(phenylmethyl)-3-(3-pyridinyl),” Chemical Abstracts Service, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Dean, D.C. (2000). “Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Radiolabeled Compounds for the Drug Discovery and Development,” Curr. Pharm. Des. 6(10): Preface Only, 1 page. [cited by applicant]
Evans, A.E. (Mar. 1981, e-pub. Jan. 9, 2007). “Synthesis of Radiolabelled Compounds,” J Radio Anal. Chem. 64(1-2):9-32. [cited by applicant]
Fillmore, N. et al. (2018). “Uncoupling of Glycolysis from Glucose Oxidation Accompanies the Development of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction,” Mol. Med. 24(3):1-12. [cited by applicant]
Geisterfer-Lowrance, A.A.T. et al. (May 3, 1996). “A Mouse Model of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” Science 272(5262):731-734. [cited by applicant]
Green, E. M. et al. (Feb. 5, 2016). “A Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Sarcomere Contractility Suppresses Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Mice,” Science 351(6273):617-621, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Guazzi, M. et al. (Sep. 26, 2017). “Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: What is its Value?,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 70(13):1618-1636. [cited by applicant]
Guyonnet, M. et al. (Jan. 6, 2012, e-pub. Dec. 16, 2011). “Synthesis of Tricyclic Nitrogen Heterocycles by a Sequence of Palladium-Catalyzed N—H and C(sp3)—H Arylations,” Org Lett. 14(1):398-401. [cited by applicant]
Hargrave, J.D. et al. (Nov. 21, 2010, e-pub. Sep. 8, 2010). “Rhodium-Catalysed Conjugate Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Enantiopure Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives,” Org. Biomol. Chem. 8(22):5120-5125. [cited by applicant]
Hartung, A. et al. (Dec. 11, 2012). “One-Pot Ugi/Aza-Michael Synthesis of Highly Substituted 2,5-Diketopiperazines withAnti-Proliferative Properties,” Molecules Online 17(12):14685-14699. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability issued Aug. 29, 2023, for Patent Application No. PCT/US2022/018725, filed Mar. 3, 2022, 6 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed Jan. 27, 2022, for Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/042387, filed Jul. 16, 2020, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed Jan. 27, 2022, for Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/042389, filed Jul. 16, 2020, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed Jan. 27, 2022, for Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/042390, filed Jul. 16, 2020, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed Jan. 7, 2021, for Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/038907, filed Jun. 25, 2019, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed Jan. 7, 2021, for Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/038908, filed Jun. 25, 2019, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed Jul. 30, 2020, for Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/014344, filed Jan. 18, 2019, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed Aug. 28, 2019, for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/038907, filed Jun. 25, 2019, 19 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed Aug. 28, 2019, for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/038908, filed Jun. 25, 2019, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed May 20, 2019, for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/014344, filed Jan. 18, 2019, 19 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed Nov. 10, 2020, for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/042387, filed Jul. 16, 2020, 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed Nov. 5, 2020, for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/042389, filed Jul. 16, 2020, 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed Nov. 6, 2020, for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/042390, filed Jul. 16, 2020, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed on May 17, 2022, for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2022/018725, filed on Mar. 3, 2022, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Invitation to Pay Additional Fees mailed Mar. 28, 2019, for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/014344, filed Jan. 18, 2019, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
Ito, N. (Jan. 2003). “A Medium-Term Rat Liver Bioassay For Rapid In Vivo Detection of Carcinogenic Potential of Chemicals,” Cancer Science 94(1):3-8. [cited by applicant]
Jackson, P. et al. (Aug. 22, 2018). “Appendage and Scaffold Diverse Fully Functionalized Small-Molecule Probes via a Minimalist Terminal Alkyne-Aliphatic Diazirine Isocyanide,” J. Org. Chem. 83(18):11245-11253. [cited by applicant]
Jiang, J. et al. (Oct. 4, 2013, e-pub. Jul. 14, 2014). “Allele-Specific Silencing of Mutant Myh6 Allele in Mice Suppresses Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” Science 342(6154):111-114, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kabalka, G.W. et al. (1989). “The Synthesis of Radiolabeled Compounds via Organometallic Intermediates,” Tetrahedron 45(21):6601-6621. [cited by applicant]
Kaim, L.E. et al. (2007, e-pub. Jan. 24, 2007). “New Indolizine Template from the Ugi Reaction,” Synlett 2(1):227-230. [cited by applicant]
Kim-Mitsuyama, S. et al. (Oct. 2004). “Additive Beneficial Effects of the Combination of a Calcium Channel Blocker and an Angiotensin Blocker on a Hypertensive Rat-Heart Failure Model,” Hypertens Res. 27(10):771-779. [cited by applicant]
Lee, M. et al. (May 25, 2016). “Convenient asymmetric synthesis of 1,3,4,6-tetrasubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines,” Arkivoc 2016(4):100-113. [cited by applicant]
Lee, M. et al. (May 19, 2016). “ Stereoselective Nucleophile Substitution of [alpha]-Bromo Tertiary Amides for Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Substituted 2,5-Diketopiperazines,” Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 37(6):981-984. [cited by applicant]
Lesma, G. et al. (Jun. 18, 2014). “Asymmetric Ugi 3CR on isatin-derived ketimine: synthesis of chiral 3,3-disubstituted 3-aminooxindole derivatives,” Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10:1383-1389. [cited by applicant]
Mahmood, I. et al. (1996). “Interspecies Scaling: A Comparative Study for the Prediction of Clearance and Volume Using Two or More Than Two Species,” Life Sciences, 59(7):579-585. [cited by applicant]
Malhotra, R. et al. (Aug. 2016, e-pub. Jun. 8, 2016). “Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure,” JACC Heart Fail 4(8):607-616. [cited by applicant]
Mamoun, O. et al. (1995, e-pub. Sep. 23, 2006). “Synthesis of Methyl 3-Amino-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylates: a Convenient Access to Cucurbitine and Analogues,” Synthetic Communications 25(9):1295-1302. [cited by applicant]
Parker, M.F.L. et al. (Jan. 23, 2014). “Acceleration of an Aromatic Claisen Rearrangement Via a Designed Spiroligozyme Catalyst that Mimics the Ketosteroid Isomerase Catalytic Dyad,” J. American Chem. Soc. 136 (10):3817… [cited by applicant]
Pettersson, M. et al. (Oct. 1, 2015). “Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,5-Diketopiperazines as Inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 Interaction,” PLOS ONE 10(10):e0137867, 19 pages. [cited by applicant]
Philipson, D. J. et al. (2017, e-pub. Aug. 31, 2017). “Emerging Pharmacologic and Structural Therapies For Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” Heart Fail Rev. 22(6):879-888. [cited by applicant]
Pyne, S.G. et al. (1993). “Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Cyclic Amino Acids by Diels-Alder Reactions of (2S)- and (2R)-4-Methyleneoxazolidin-5-ones,” Aust. J Chem. 46(1):73-93. [cited by applicant]
Rowin, E.J. et al. (Nov. 2017). “Role of Exercise Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” JACC: Cariovasc Imaging. 10(11):1374-1386. [cited by applicant]
Sakata, Y. et al. (Jan. 2001). “Renin Angiotensin System-Dependent Hypertrophy as a Contributor to Heart Failure in Hypertensive Rats: Different Characteristics From Renin Angiotensin System-Independent Hypertrophy,” J.… [cited by applicant]
Santra, S. et al. (Apr. 1, 2011, e-pub. Feb. 25, 2011). “A Rapid, One-Pot, Microwave-Influenced Synthesis of Spiro-2,5-diketopiperazines via a Cascade Ugi/6-Exo-Trig Aza-Michael Reaction,” Journal of Organic Chemistry 7… [cited by applicant]
Taub, P.R. et al. (Oct. 1, 2013). “Perturbations in Skeletal Muscle Sarcomere Structure in Patients with Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes: Restorative Effects of (−)-epicatechin-rich Cocoa,” Clinical Science 125(8):383… [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/587,730, filed Feb. 26, 2024, for Chuang Chihyuan et al. (U.S. Patent Application is not submitted herewith pursuant to the waiver of 37 C.F.R. § 1.98(a)(2)(iii) issued by the Office on Sep. 21, 2004.). [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/460,314, filed Sep. 1, 2023, for Chuang Chihyuan et al. (U.S. Patent Application is not submitted herewith pursuant to the waiver of 37 C.F.R. § 1.98(a)(2)(iii) issued by the Office on Sep. 21, 2004.). [cited by applicant]
Walvoord, R.R. et al. (Nov. 4, 2014). “Quantification of Electrophilic Activation by Hydrogen-Bonding Organocatalysts”, J. American Chem. Soc. 136(45):16055-16065. [cited by applicant]
Williams, R. et al. (Nov. 3, 1992). “Asymmetric synthesis of S-(−)-Cucurbitine,” Tetrahedron Letters 33(45):6755-6758. [cited by applicant]
Williams, R.M. et al. (Nov. 1982). “A New and Efficient Cyclization Reaction to Construct the Bicyclomycin Ring System: Synthesis of N, N'-Dimethyl-4-desmethylenebicyclomycin,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 1… [cited by applicant]
Yates, P. et al. (Jan. 1, 1983). “Synthesis of Piperazine-2,5-diones Related to Bicyclomycin: 3-acetoxy-1,4-dibenzyl-3-[1-(2-methoxyethyl)-and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethenyl]piperazine-2,5-dione. 1. Route Via Acyclic Interme… [cited by applicant]
Yoshifuji, S. et al. (Aug. 1995). “Stereospecific Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-Baclofen and (R)- and (S)-PCPGABA [4-Amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)butyric Acid] via (R)- and (S)-3-(4-Chlorophenyl)pyrrolidines,” Chem Pharm Bull 42… [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/762,390, filed Jul. 2, 2024, for Chuang Chihyuan et al. (U.S. Patent Application is not submitted herewith pursuant to the waiver of 37 C.F.R. § 1.98(a)(2)(iii) issued by the Office on Sep. 21, 2004.). [cited by applicant]