IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,291,982
Granted Patent B2
US 12,291,982 · App. 18/395,266 · Granted May 6, 2025

Thermal energy storage systems for use in material processing

Inventors: John Setel O'Donnell (Oakland, CA); Yusef Desjardins Ferhani (Menlo Park, CA); Peter Emery Von Behrens (Oakland, CA); Chiaki Treynor (Berkeley, CA); Matthieu Jonemann (Redwood City, CA)
Assignee: Rondo Energy, Inc.
F01K3/02B63H11/00F01K3/08F01K3/186F01K13/02F01K15/00F03G6/071F22B29/06F22B35/10F28D20/00H01M8/04014H01M8/04029H01M8/04037H01M8/04052H01M8/04074H02J1/102H02J3/00H02J3/04H02M1/0003H02M1/007B63H1/12B63H11/12B63H11/14B63H11/16F01K11/02F01K19/04F03D9/18F28D2020/0004Y02E60/14
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,291,982
App. No.
18/395,266
Granted
May 6, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

An energy storage system (TES) converts variable renewable electricity (VRE) to continuous heat at over 900° C. Intermittent electrical energy heats a solid medium. Heat from the solid medium is delivered continuously on demand. Heat delivery via flowing gas establishes a thermocline which maintains high outlet temperature throughout discharge. The delivered heat which may be used for processes including power generation and cogeneration. In one application, thermal energy storage systems are used to improve efficiency and reduce carbon emissions associated with processing materials or other industrial applications.

Claims (85)

1. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy; and

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor;

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor,

wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system that are configured to direct a working gas through the thermal storage medium to heat the working gas, and

wherein the fluid movement system is configured to direct the heated working gas to a heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from the heated working gas to the process gas.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the process gas includes any mixture of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and/or carbon oxides.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger is configured as a counterflow heat exchanger.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the TES unit is configured to heat the working gas via convection and/or radiation.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the TES unit includes an assemblage of thermal storage blocks formed from the storage medium.

6. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy; and

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor;

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor, and wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system that are configured to direct the process gas through the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas.

7. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy; and

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor,

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor, wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system, and wherein the fluid movement system includes tubes that convey the process gas through a zone wherein the tubes are heated substantially by radiation from the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas.

8. The system of claim 3 , wherein the working gas includes air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, a noble gas, steam, or a combination thereof.

9. The system of claim 5 , wherein the process gas includes any mixture of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and/or carbon oxides.

10. The system of claim 3 , wherein the working gas is at a temperature of about 900° C. or higher.

11. The system of claim 3 , further including a fluid movement system and one or more conduits for returning the working gas back to the TES unit for reheating.

12. The system of claim 1 , further including a high-pressure vessel configured to enclose the TES unit and provide a sealed environment therein.

13. The system of claim 1 , further including a carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) system including a compressor and a reboiler configured to receive exhaust gas from the reactor and powered at least in part from stored energy from the TES.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is configured to perform an endothermic reaction.

15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is configured to perform a direct reduction process on the material.

16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is configured to perform a direct reduced iron reaction.

17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is configured to perform a hydrogenation process.

18. The system of claim 1 , further including a reformer configured to receive heat and a feedstock to produce the process gas.

19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the reformer includes one or more reactor tubes.

20. The system of claim 18 , wherein the fluid movement system is configured to direct the gas to convectively heat the one or more reactor tubes in order to drive at least a portion of a reaction in the reformer.

21. The system of claim 20 , wherein the reformer tubes are configured to be exposed to radiant heat transfer from the TES unit in order to drive at least a portion of the reaction in the reformer and a fluid movement system configured to direct a reformer feedstock through the one or more reactor tubes.

22. The system of claim 21 , wherein the reformer feedstock includes one or more of the following: steam, a hydrocarbon, a carbon oxide, or any combination thereof.

23. The system of claim 1 , wherein the process gas includes one or more of the following: hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or any combination thereof.

24. The system of claim 18 , wherein the reformer is also configured to receive heat from a combustion process.

25. The system of claim 24 , wherein the combustion process uses waste gas from the material processing reactor as at least a portion of fuel input.

26. The system of claim 18 , further including a post carbon capture combustion plant configured such that a product of combustion in the reformer is directed to at least one heat exchanger that generates steam and at least a portion of the cooled products of combustion are directed to a sorption carbon capture process, wherein the steam generated is used at least in part to power the carbon capture process.

27. The system of claim 26 , where the steam passes through a non-condensing turbine to produce steam and electricity to drive the carbon capture process.

28. The system of claim 6 , wherein the process gas includes any mixture of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and/or carbon oxides.

29. The system of claim 6 , wherein the TES unit is configured to heat the process gas via convection and/or radiation.

30. The system of claim 6 , wherein the process gas includes any mixture of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and/or carbon oxides.

31. The system of claim 6 , wherein the working gas is at a temperature of about 900° C. or higher.

32. The system of claim 6 , further including one or more conduits for returning the working gas back to the TES unit for reheating.

33. The system of claim 6 , further including a high-pressure vessel configured to enclose the TES unit and provide a sealed environment therein.

34. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy;

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor,

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor, and wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system that are configured to direct the process gas through the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas; and

a carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) system including a compressor and a reboiler configured to receive exhaust gas from the reactor and powered at least in part from stored energy from the TES.

35. The system of claim 6 , wherein the reactor is configured to perform an endothermic reaction.

36. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy; and

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor;

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor, and wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system that are configured to direct the process gas through the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas,

wherein the reactor is configured to perform a direct reduction process on the material.

37. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy; and

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor,

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor, and wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system that are configured to direct the process gas through the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas, and wherein the reactor is configured to perform a direct reduced iron reaction.

38. The system of claim 6 , wherein the reactor is configured to perform a hydrogenation process.

39. The system of claim 7 , wherein the process gas includes any mixture of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and/or carbon oxides.

40. The system of claim 7 , wherein the fluid movement system is configured to direct a working fluid to a heat exchanger that is configured to heat the process gas.

41. The system of claim 40 , wherein the TES unit is configured to heat the working fluid via convection and/or radiation.

42. The system of claim 7 , wherein the TES unit is configured to heat the process gas via convection and/or radiation.

43. The system of claim 40 , wherein the working fluid includes air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, a noble gas, steam, or a combination thereof.

44. The system of claim 41 , wherein the process gas includes any mixture of hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and/or carbon oxides.

45. The system of claim 16 , wherein the working fluid is at a temperature of about 900° C. or higher.

46. The system of claim 16 , further including one or more conduits for returning the working fluid back to the TES unit for reheating.

47. The system of claim 7 , further including a high-pressure vessel configured to enclose the TES unit and provide a sealed environment therein.

48. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy;

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor,

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor, wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system, and wherein the fluid movement system includes tubes that convey the process gas through a zone wherein the tubes are heated substantially by radiation from the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas; and

a carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) system including a compressor and a reboiler configured to receive exhaust gas from the reactor and powered at least in part from stored energy from the TES.

49. The system of claim 7 , wherein the reactor is configured to perform an endothermic reaction.

50. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy; and

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor;

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor, wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system, wherein the fluid movement system includes tubes that convey the process gas through a zone wherein the tubes are heated substantially by radiation from the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas, and wherein the reactor is configured to perform a direct reduction process on the material.

51. A material processing system, including:

a thermal energy storage (TES) unit configured to store thermal energy generated from an electric heater, wherein the TES unit is configured to heat a process gas using stored thermal energy; and

a material processing reactor configured to receive the heated process gas and perform a process on the material in the reactor;

wherein the TES unit is configured to output stored thermal energy at a rate that maintains a selected process condition in the reactor, wherein the TES unit includes a thermal storage medium and a fluid movement system, wherein the fluid movement system includes tubes that convey the process gas through a zone wherein the tubes are heated substantially by radiation from the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas, and wherein the reactor is configured to perform a direct reduced iron reaction.

52. The system of claim 7 , wherein the reactor is configured to perform a hydrogenation process.

53. The system of claim 6 , wherein the fluid movement system further including tubes that convey the process gas through a zone wherein the tubes are heated substantially by radiation from the thermal storage medium to heat the process gas.

Assignments (2)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Oct 23, 2024
From: VON BEHRENS, PETER EMERY; TREYNOR, CHIAKI; JONEMANN, MATTHIEU
To: RONDO ENERGY, INC.
Reel/Frame 069235/0192 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Dec 26, 2023
From: O'DONNELL, JOHN SETEL; FERHANI, YUSEF DESJARDINS
To: RONDO ENERGY, INC.
Reel/Frame 065955/0926 →
Continuity (13)
Continuation In Part 18106403 · Feb 6, 2023
Continuation 17668342 · Feb 9, 2022
Continuation 17537407 · Nov 29, 2021
Continuation In Part 18171602 · Feb 20, 2023
Division 17650522 · Feb 9, 2022
Continuation 17537407 · Nov 29, 2021
Provisional Application 63434919 · Dec 22, 2022
Provisional Application 63119443 · Nov 30, 2020
Provisional Application 63155261 · Mar 1, 2021
Provisional Application 63165632 · Mar 24, 2021
Provisional Application 63170370 · Apr 2, 2021
Provisional Application 63231155 · Aug 9, 2021
Related Publication 20240125251A1 · Apr 18, 2024
References Cited (373)
US 1700542A · O'Donnell · 1929 [cited by applicant]
US 2833532A · Ries · 1958 [cited by applicant]
US 3381113A · Jacques et al. · 1968 [cited by applicant]
US 3788066A · Nebgen · 1974 [cited by applicant]
US 3908381A · Barber et al. · 1975 [cited by applicant]
US 4110987A · Cahn et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4124061A · Mitchell et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4127161A · Clyne et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4146057A · Friedman et al. · 1979 [cited by applicant]
US 4172442A · Boblitz · 1979 [cited by applicant]
US 4200783A · Ehret · 1980 [cited by applicant]
US 4222365A · Thomson · 1980 [cited by applicant]
US 4234782A · Barabas et al. · 1980 [cited by applicant]
US 4237692A · Ahrens et al. · 1980 [cited by applicant]
US 4329592A · Wagner et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4397962A · Schockmel · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4438630A · Rowe · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4524756A · Laverman · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 5154224A · Yasui et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5286472A · Fulford · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5384489A · Bellac · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5416416A · Bisher · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5553604A · Frei · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 7213409B1 · Nuckols · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7693402B2 · Hudson et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 8544275B2 · Shinnar · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8701773B2 · O'Donnell et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8960182B2 · Magaldi et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9370044B2 · McDonald · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9512826B2 · Rodionov et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9816490B2 · Conlon · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9816491B2 · Perry · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9948140B2 · Pietsch et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9989271B1 · Becker · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10113535B2 · Conlon · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10345050B2 · Pietsch et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10775111B2 · Kerth · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10876521B2 · Anderson et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 11352951B2 · Apte et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11459944B2 · Robinson · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11480160B1 · Mokheimer et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11809153B1 · Kearns et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11994347B2 · Ponec et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20040062063A1 · Siri · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040099261A1 · Litwin · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040148922A1 · Pinkerton · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040182081A1 · Sim et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050126172A1 · Hudson et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060107664A1 · Hudson et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060174622A1 · Skowronski · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060179840A1 · Murphy et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060211777A1 · Severinsky · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060266039A1 · Skowronski et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060277910A1 · Hoetger · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070220889A1 · Nayef et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080000231A1 · Litwin et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080066736A1 · Zhu · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080127647A1 · Leitner · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090038668A1 · Plaisted · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090090109A1 · Mills et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090117633A1 · Bradley et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090208402A1 · Rossi · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090320828A1 · Koketsu et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100101462A1 · Hayashi · 2010 [cited by examiner]
US 20100132391A1 · Barot · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100178156A1 · Rivas Cortes et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100195357A1 · Fornage et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100229523A1 · Holt et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100251711A1 · Howes et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100295306A1 · Ridnik et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110083443A1 · Jockenhoevel et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110226440A1 · Bissell et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110277469A1 · Brenmiller et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110286902A1 · Fan et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110289924A1 · Pietsch · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120102950A1 · Turchi · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120131898A1 · Mokheimer et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120151926A1 · Labbe · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120167559A1 · Havel · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120241677A1 · Perkins et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120255309A1 · Venetos et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130025817A1 · Callaghan · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130047976A1 · Kaftori · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130081394A1 · Perry · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130118169A1 · Milam et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130175006A1 · Robinson et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140053554A1 · Tartibi et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140074314A1 · Niknafs et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140102073A1 · Pang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140116069A1 · Peterson et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140190469A1 · O'Donnell et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140216717A1 · O'Donnell et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140223906A1 · Gee et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140224469A1 · Mirmobin et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140366536A1 · Muren · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150033740A1 · Anderson et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150053266A1 · Chen et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150143806A1 · Friesth · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150143811A1 · Pang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150176920A1 · Vendeirinho · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20150224850A1 · Bank et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150276234A1 · Muro et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150295508A1 · Conry · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150354545A1 · Conlon · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160130709A1 · Hong et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160146110A1 · Hackstein et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160164451A1 · Lenert et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160208657A1 · Brückner et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160214910A1 · King · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170051949A1 · Uselton · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170093163A1 · Johnson et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170204741A1 · Hogen et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170241649A1 · Cave · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170241669A1 · von Behrens · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170283713A1 · Stephens et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170362090A1 · Melsert et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170362724A1 · Planque et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180003445A1 · Bergan et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180028967A1 · Balfe et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180038352A1 · Conlon · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180073777A1 · O'Donnell et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180083449A1 · Green · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180106739A1 · Esmaili · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180163574A1 · Bailey et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180179955A1 · Apte et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180207557A1 · Nellis · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180216010A1 · Hong · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180231316A1 · Watremetz et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180238563A1 · Stepa et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180245485A1 · Conlon · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180292097A1 · Specter · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180347406A1 · Friesth · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180372420A1 · Ahadi et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190003308A1 · Laughlin · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190043624A1 · Fork et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190045617A1 · Fork et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190096535A1 · Olshansky et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190140477A1 · Yang et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190162482A1 · Kerth · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190186786A1 · Neiser · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190226462A1 · Conlon · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190245224A1 · Lacroix et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190331098A1 · von Behrens et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190359894A1 · Heidel et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200095984A1 · Karni et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200172815A1 · Stephens et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200232345A1 · Zwinkels · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200251909A1 · Falk et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200332201A1 · Koseoglu et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200346165A1 · Lu et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200386447A1 · Wang · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210053689A1 · Lynn · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210094834A1 · Chen et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210143446A1 · Ponec et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210172685A1 · Bergan et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210190044A1 · Anderson et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210207527A1 · Robinson · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210211066A1 · Vavilpalli et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210328544A1 · Johnson et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220049615A1 · Truong · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220060142A1 · Akhavan-Tafti · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220085603A1 · McNamara et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220090827A1 · Magaldi et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220132633A1 · Forsberg et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220146205A1 · Eronen et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220170386A1 · O'Donnell et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220228271A1 · Ashok et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220228772A1 · Murata et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220268179A1 · O'Donnell et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220290929A1 · Doerbeck · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220307386A1 · Savic et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220403759A1 · Stapp, III et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230216297A1 · Peri et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230407186A1 · Sundaram et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240092646A1 · Isobe · 2024 [cited by examiner]
AU 2012292959B2 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
AU 2016100264A4 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
AU 2016204109B2 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CH 703751A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
CN 1559893A · 2005 [cited by applicant]
CN 101592439B · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CN 104242433A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 104296577B · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 105605957A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 105948037A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 106052451A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 106247836A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 107246732A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 107872196A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108204760A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108362151A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108362152A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108612634A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 106767074B · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 110411260A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CN 111256364A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 210802160U · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 111655989A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 112113203A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 212157096U · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 113835372A · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 114754617A · 2022 [cited by applicant]
DE 19808810C1 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
DE 10029732A1 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
DE 102009020531B3 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
DE 102017212684A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
EP 0079247A1 · 1983 [cited by applicant]
EP 794161B1 · 1996 [cited by applicant]
EP 1930587A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
EP 2372116A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
EP 2722496A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
EP 3081770A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
EP 3324018A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
EP 3486594A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
EP 2837086B1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
EP 3245388B1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
EP 3725917A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 2909547B1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
EP 3642296A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
GB 2109026A · 1983 [cited by applicant]
GB 2477801A · 2011 [cited by applicant]
IL 284451 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
JP 2006145200A · 2006 [cited by applicant]
KR 20010100320A · 2001 [cited by applicant]
KR 102308531B1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
MA 40029A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
TW 202100240A · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO1980000170 · 1980 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007108014A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008052249A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008108870A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2009152562A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011077248A2 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011066039A1 · 2011 [cited by examiner]
WO WO2011109514A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012123853A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012127178A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012150969A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013020176A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014063191A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014151843A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015149124A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015187423A2 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016065191A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016150455A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017001710A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017049320A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017147022A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018011363A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018101989A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018164647A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019020562A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019149623A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019224538A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020068758A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020254001A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022086630A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO 2022187903A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
ZA 201603514B · 2018 [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed on Mar. 1, 2024 for International Application No. PCT/US2023/034488, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
Mecys Palsauskas & al.: “Device ensuring effective usage of photovoltaics for water heating”, Electrical Engineering, 101 (1), 189-202, Apr. 8, 2019 (Apr. 8, 2019), DOI: 10.1007/s00202-019-00766-0. [cited by applicant]
Dr. Jeffrey Goldmeer, “Power to Gas: Hydrogen for Power Generation Fuel Flexible Gas Turbines as Enablers for a Low or Reduced Carbon Energy Ecosystem,” GE Power, Feb. 2019, 19 pages. [cited by applicant]
GE Energy Storage Unit RSU-4000, Modular, Scalable Energy Storage Solution for Utility-Scale Applications; www/ge.com/energystorage; 2020, 1 page. [cited by applicant]
Hamish Andrew Miller, et al. “Green hydrogen from anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: a review of recent developments in critical materials and operating conditions,” rsc.li/sustainable-energy; DOI: 10.1039/c9se… [cited by applicant]
How thermal power plants can benefit from the energy transition, The Future of Energy 2019, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, “U.S. Department of Energy Selects 12 Projects to Improve Fossil-Based Hydrogen Production, Transport, Storage and Utilization”, dated Jul. 7, 2021, in 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
“Ethylene Production via Cracking of Ethane-Propane”, Chemical Engineering, Nov. 1, 2015, Total Pages 4. [cited by applicant]
“Matching Time Of Use Periods With Grid Conditions Maximizes Use Of Renewable Resources”, California ISO, Outcropping Way, Folsom, 2015, Total Pages 2. [cited by applicant]
“Miscibility Gap Alloys”, University of Newcastle, accessed at https://miscibilitygapalloy.blogspot.com/p/how-did-it-stater-ted.html on Apr. 2, 2022. [cited by applicant]
Aaron Rimpel et al., “Liquid Air Combined Cycle (LACC) for Power and Storage”, Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage (TMCES) Workshop, Aug. 10-11, 2021, Total Pages 6. [cited by applicant]
Anthony Rawson et al., “Effective conductivity of Cu—Fe and Sn—Al miscibility gap alloys”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 77, Oct. 2014, pp. 395-405, Total Pages 11. [cited by applicant]
Antoni Gil et al., “State of the art on high temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 1—Concepts, materials and modellization”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, Issue 1, Jan. 2010,… [cited by applicant]
Audrey Barucchi, “Calix files a new patent for zero emissions iron and steel”, https://www.calix.global/co2-mitigation-focus-area/new-patent-for-zero-emissions-iron-and-steel/, Nov. 23, 2021, Total Pages 5. [cited by applicant]
Bao Truong, “Malta Pumped Heat Energy Storage System Green Heat & Power Application”, Energy Storage for Manufacturing and Industrial Decarbonization Workshop, Feb. 9, 2022, Total Pages 5. [cited by applicant]
Ben Bollinger, “Malta Pumped Heat Energy Storage”, Malta, Aug. 10, 2021, Total Pages 9. [cited by applicant]
Cédric Philibert, “Renewable Energy for Industry”, Renewable Energy Division, International Energy Agency, Nordic Pavillion, COP23, Fidji-Bonn, Nov. 15, 2017, Total Pages 7. [cited by applicant]
Charles Forsberg et al., “Coupling heat storage to nuclear reactors for variable electricity output with baseload reactor operation”, The Electricity Journal, vol. 31, Issue 3, Apr. 2018, pp. 23-31, Total Pages 9. [cited by applicant]
Charles Forsberg et al., “Variable Electricity from Base-load Nuclear Power Plants Using Stored Heat”, International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants (ICAPP 2015), May 2015, Total Pages 12. [cited by applicant]
Charles Forsberg, “Heat Storage and the Electricity Grid Integrating Nuclear and Renewables into a Low-Carbon Economic Grid”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jan. 2017, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Total Pages 114. [cited by applicant]
Charles Forsberg, “Hybrid systems to address seasonal mismatches between electricity production and demand in nuclear renewable electrical grids”, Energy Policy, vol. 62, Nov. 2013, pp. 333-341, Total Pages 9. [cited by applicant]
Charles W Forsberg et al., “Converting excess low-price electricity into high-temperature stored heat for industry and high-value electricity production”, The Electricity Journal, vol. 30, Issue 6, Jul. 2017, pp. 42-52,… [cited by applicant]
Christopher Fraughton, “Electro-Thermal Energy Storage General Presentation”, MAN Energy Solutions, Aug. 2021, Total Pages 23. [cited by applicant]
CK-12 Foundation, “Saturated Hydrocarbon”, Apr. 2, 2022, Total Pages 8. [cited by applicant]
Cowper Stove An overview ScienceDirect Topics, Sep. 13, 2021, Total Pages 25. [cited by applicant]
D. Fernandes et al., “Thermal energy storage: How previous findings determine current research priorities”, Energy, vol. 39, Issue 1, Mar. 2012, pp. 246-257, Total Pages 12. [cited by applicant]
Daniel C Stack et al., “Performance of firebrick resistance-heated energy storage for industrial heat applications and round-trip electricity storage”, Applied Energy, vol. 242, May 15, 2019, pp. 782-796, Total Pages 15. [cited by applicant]
Daniel Christopher Stack, “Conceptual Design and Performance Characteristics of Firebrick Resistance-Heated Energy Storage for Industrial Heat Supply and Variable Electricity Production”, Thesis, Master of Science in Nu… [cited by applicant]
Daniel Christopher Stack, “Development of high-temperature firebrick resistance-heated energy storage (FIRES) using doped ceramic heating system”, Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy in Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massach… [cited by applicant]
David L. Chandler “MIT News: Turning desalination waste into a useful resource” MIT News Office, Feb. 13, 2019 (Cited in NFOA dated Sep. 14, 2022 in related U.S. Appl. No. 17/650,522.). [cited by applicant]
David Roberts, “Solar power's greatest challenge was discovered 10 years ago. It looks like a duck”, www.vox.com, Aug. 29, 2018, Total Pages 19. [cited by applicant]
Dr. Eric L. Miller, “The Hydrogen Energy Earthshot and H2@Scale: Importance to Industrial Decarbonization”, Energy StorM Panel, Feb. 8, 2022, Total Pages 9. [cited by applicant]
Dr. Gianluca Ambrosetti et al., “Cement Production”, Energy Storage for Manufacturing and Industrial Decarbonization Workshop “Energy StorM”, Feb. 8, 2022, Total Pages 10. [cited by applicant]
Elizabeth Endler, “Energy Storage for Manufacturing Petrochemical Industry Perspective”, Feb. 8, 2022, “Energy StorM” Workshop, US Department of Energy, Total Pages 14. [cited by applicant]
Elliott Group, “Materials for Hydrogen Compression”, Thermo-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage Workshop, Elliott, Aug. 10-11, 2021, Total Pages 25. [cited by applicant]
Emiliano Bellini, “Long-duration thermal storage system based on silica sand”, pv magazine International, Nov. 5, 2021, Total Pages 6. [cited by applicant]
Emiliano Bellini, “Storing wind, solar power with silica sands”, pv magazine International, Sep. 1, 2021, Total Pages 10. [cited by applicant]
Gregory C Staple, “California's Grid Geeks: Flattening the ‘duck curve’”, Jan. 25, 2017, www.greenbiz.com, Total Page Count 9. [cited by applicant]
Grid Energy Storage, U.S. Department of Energy, Dec. 2013, Total Pages 67. [cited by applicant]
Haisheng Chen et al., “Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review”, Progress in Natural Science, vol. 19, Issue 3, Mar. 10, 2009, pp. 291-312, Total Pages 22. [cited by applicant]
Heber Sugo, “Miscibility gap alloys with inverse microstructures and high thermal conductivity for high energy density thermal storage applications”, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 51, Issues 1-2, Mar. 2013, pp. 1345… [cited by applicant]
Hélder Da Silva, “Energy Storage for Manufacturing and Industrial Decarbonization Workshop “Energy StorM””, Feb. 8, 2022, Total Pages 11. [cited by applicant]
Hitesh Bindra et al., “Sliding flow method for exergetically efficient packed bed thermal storage”, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 64, Issues 1-2, Mar. 2014, pp. 201-208, Total Pages 8. [cited by applicant]
Hitesh Bindra et al., “Thermal analysis and exergy evaluation of packed bed thermal storage systems”, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 52, Issue 2, Apr. 15, 2013, pp. 255-263, Total Pages 9. [cited by applicant]
Ilievski D, “New Two-Stage Calcination Technology”, Proceedings of the 9th International Alumina Quality Workshop, Alcoa World Alumina, Technology Delivery Group, Western Australia, 2012, Total Pages 7. [cited by applicant]
Industrial Decarbonization using Electric Thermal Energy Storage (ETES), Jan. 25, 2022, Total Pages 11. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report mailed on Sep. 14, 2022 for International Application No. PCT/US2021/061041, 41 pages. [cited by applicant]
Jaume Gasia et al., “Review on system and materials requirements for high temperature thermal energy storage. Part 1: General requirements”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 75, Aug. 2017, pp. 1320-1338, T… [cited by applicant]
Jay Fitzgerald, “Bioenergy and Chemical Energy Storage”, Energy Storage for Manufacturing & Industrial Decarbonization Workshop, Feb. 8-9, 2022, Total Pages 6. [cited by applicant]
Jeff Moore, “Development of sCO2 Turbomachinery and its Application to Energy Storage”, Thermal Mechanical-Chemical-Energy-Storage Workshop, Aug. 10-11, 2021, San Antonio, TX, Total Pages 41. [cited by applicant]
Joe Cresko, “Energy Storage for Manufacturing”, Energy Storage for Manufacturing & Industrial Decarbonization Workshop, Feb. 8-9, 2022, Total Pages 11. [cited by applicant]
Joe Paladino, “Transformation of the Electric Grid”, Energy StorM Workshop, Feb. 4, 2022, Total Pages 5. [cited by applicant]
Joe Stekli, “LCRI Update TMCES 2021”, Low-Carbon Resources Initiative, Electric Power Research Institute, Aug. 2021, Total Pages 31. [cited by applicant]
Lion Hirth, “The market value of variable renewables: The effect of solar wind power variability on their relative price”, Energy Economics, vol. 38, Jul. 2013, pp. 218-236, Total Pages 19. [cited by applicant]
Luisa F Cabeza, “Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems Methods and Applications”, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, No. 66, 2015, Total Pages 592. [cited by applicant]
M Gajendiran et al., “Application of Solar Thermal Energy Storage for Industrial Process Heating”, Advanced Materials Research, vols. 984-985, Jul. 2019, Total Pages 7. [cited by applicant]
Marc Medrano et al., “State of the art on high-temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 2—Case studies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, Issue 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 56-72, Total 17. [cited by applicant]
Mathieu Hubert, “Lecture 3: Basics of industrial glass melting furnaces”, IMI-NFG Course in Processing of Glass, Spring 2015, Total Pages 75. [cited by applicant]
Michael Pesin, “The Office of Electricity Grid Modernization R&D Portfolio”, Aug. 2, 2021, Total Pages 18. [cited by applicant]
PCT; Invitation to Pay Additional Fees issued in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2021/061041; mailed Mar. 24, 2022; 21 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Pintail Power LLC, “Liquid Air Combined Cycle Hybrid Energy Storage”, Pintail Power LLC, TMCES Workshop, Aug. 10-11, 2021, San Antonio, TX, Total Pages 12. [cited by applicant]
Office Action in U.S. Appl. No. 17/650,519 mailed Apr. 20, 2022, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
R. B. Laughlin, “Variable Blading in Closed-Cycle Brayton Energy Storage”, TMCES, Aug. 10, 2021, San Antonio, Total Pages 26. [cited by applicant]
Rainer Kurz, “Hydrogen Pipelines & Storage”, Mar. 8, 2021, Total Pages 16. [cited by applicant]
Revterra, “Revterra Company Overview”, TMCES 2021, Total Pages 14. [cited by applicant]
Reyad Sawafta, “Thermal Energy Storage—Cold Storage”, Energy Storage for Manufacturing and Industrial Decarbonization Workshop, Feb. 9, 2022, Total Pages 11. [cited by applicant]
Richard Brody, “Powering the Carbon-Free Electric Future, Modular Geomechanical Pumped Storage (GPS)”, Quidnet Energy, 3rd TMCES—Storage Deployment Panel, Aug. 11, 2021, Total Pages 7. [cited by applicant]
Richard T. Ibekwe, “Induction Heating of Firebricks for the Large-Scale Storage of Nuclear and Renewable Energy”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jun. 2018, Total Pages 40. [cited by applicant]
Robert J. Krane, “A second law analysis of a thermal energy storage system with Joulean heating of the storage element”, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting, Miami Beach, Florida, USA, Nov. 1… [cited by applicant]
Russ Weed, “Market Needs & Technology Overview”, Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage Workshop—Storage Deployment, Aug. 11, 2021, Total Pages 20. [cited by applicant]
S. W. Sucech et al., “Alcoa Pressure Calcination Process for Alumina”, Light Metals 1986, R.E. Miller, 669-674, Total Pages 6. [cited by applicant]
Sanjoy Banerjee, “Energy Storage to Decarbonize the Industrial Sector Through Direct Electrification”, Energy Storage for Manufacturing and Industrial Decarbonization Workshop, Feb. 8, 2022, Total Pages 9. [cited by applicant]
Scott Hume, “Mid-Duration Energy Storage (MDES) Benefits and Challenges”, 3rd TMCES Workshop, 10 Aug. 10, 2021, Total Pages 11. [cited by applicant]
Shaun Sullivan, “Reversible Counter-Rotating Turbomachine to Enable Brayton-Laughlin Cycle”, 3rd Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage Workshop, Aug. 10, 2021, San Antonio TX, Total Pages 7. [cited by applicant]
Siemens AG, “Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)”, 3rd Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage Workshop, Siemens Energy, Aug. 2021, Total Pages 17. [cited by applicant]
Soteris Kalogirou, “The potential of solar industrial process heat applications”, Applied Energy, vol. 76, Issue 4, Dec. 2003, pp. 337-361, Total Pages 25. [cited by applicant]
Stefica Nicol Bikes, “Australian engineers patent thermal block to store renewable energy”, www.reuters.com, Oct. 27, 2021, Total Pages 6. [cited by applicant]
Storworks Power, 3rd Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage Workshop, Aug. 10, 2021, Total Pages 8. [cited by applicant]
Swagelok Energy Advisors Inc, “Steam Quality—Plant Operations Require A High Steam Quality”, Steam Systems Best Practices, Document No. 23, 2009, Total Pages 3. [cited by applicant]
T. Fiedler et al., “Thermal capacitors made from Miscibility Gap Alloys (MGAs)”, WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, vol. 186, 2014, Total Pages 8. [cited by applicant]
Timothy C. Allison, “Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage Technology Overview and Research Activities”, Southwest Research Institute, Aug. 9, 2021, Total Pages 22. [cited by applicant]
Tony Bowdery et al., “Heat Exchangers For Thermal Energy Storage: Challenges And Mitigation”, Meggitt, Aug. 2021, Total Pages 20. [cited by applicant]
Trevor Brown, “Ammonia: the other hydrogen”, Energy Storage for Manufacturing and Industrial Decarbonization Workshop “Energy StorM”, Feb. 9, 2022, Total Pages 13. [cited by applicant]
Veera Gnaneswar Gude, “Energy storage for desalination processes powered by renewable energy and waste heat sources”, Applied Energy, vol. 137, Jan. 1, 2015, pp. 877-898, Total Pages 22. [cited by applicant]
Vishal Sardeshpande, “Performance analysis for glass furnace regenerator”, Applied Energy, vol. 88, Issue 12, Dec. 2011, pp. 4451-4458, Total Pages 8. [cited by applicant]
Whitlock, “NREL scientists partnering with Antora Energy and MIT on TPV projects” Renewable Energy Magazine Dec. 10, 2021, https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/pv_solar/nrel-scientists-partnering-with-antoraenergy-an… [cited by applicant]
Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed on Sep. 14, 2022 for PCT/US2021/061041, 25 pages. [cited by applicant]
Sharadga, Hussein, et al., “A hybrid PV/T and Kalina cycle for power generation”, Int J Energy Res. 2018;42:4817-4829, https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4237, dated Sep. 7, 2018. [cited by applicant]
Ji, Huichao, et al., “Electricity Consumption Prediction of Solid Electric Thermal Storage with a Cyber-Physical Approach”, Energies 2019, 12, 4744; doi:10.3390/en12244744, www.mdpi.com/journal/energies, published on De… [cited by applicant]
Reply to Communication Under Rule 71(3) EPC, received in corresponding EP App. No. 21 843 808.3, submitted May 6, 2024, in 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Third Party Objections raised in corresponding EP App. No. 21 843 808.3, dated Apr. 30, 2024, with English Translation, in 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Zhao, Haichuan, et al., “Thermal Calculation and Experimental Investigation of Electric Heating and Solid Thermal Storage System”, Energies 2020, 13, 5241; doi:10.3390/en13205241, www.mdpi.com/journal/energies, publishe… [cited by applicant]
Zhou et al., “Highly Conductive Porous Graphene/Ceramic Composites for Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy Storage,” Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23, pp. 2263-2269. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed on May 17, 2024 for International Application No. PCT/US2023/085826, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
Alexis McKittrick, “Low Temperature & Coproduced Resources Reservoir Thermal Energy Storage (RTES) Portfolio”, Geothermal Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy, dated Feb. 2022. Total Pages 4. [cited by applicant]
Clifford K. Ho, “High-Temperature Thermal Storage in Moving and Fixed Particle Beds”, Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage (TMCES) Workshop, San Antonio, TX, dated Aug. 10, 2021. Total Pages 13. [cited by applicant]
Daniel Stack et. al., “Joule Hive-Replacing fire with renewable heat”, Aug. 28, 2021, Total Pages 15. [cited by applicant]
David Bierman, “Clean, affordable, and reliable heat & electricity”, Antora Energy, Feb. 2022, Total Pages 9. [cited by applicant]
Dr. Avi Shultz, “Concentrating Solar-thermal Power and Thermal Energy Storage”, U.S. Department of Energy, dated Feb. 8, 2022. Total Pages 7. [cited by applicant]
Dr. Avi Shultz, “Industrial Decarbonization: Renewable Process Heating from Concentrating Solar Thermal”, U.S. Department of Energy, dated Feb. 8, 2022. Total Pages 6. [cited by applicant]
Joshua Schmitt, “Development Of An Advanced Hydrogen Energy Storage System Using Aerogel In A Cryogenic Flux Capacitor (Cfc)”, Southwest Research Institute, Aug. 10, 2021, Total Pages 8. [cited by applicant]
Lion Hirth, “The Optimal Share of Variable Renewables: How the Variability of Wind and Solar Power affects their Welfare-optimal Deployment”, The Energy Journal, vol. 36, No. 1, p. 149-184, (2015). Total Pages 36. [cited by applicant]
Lori Schaefer-Weaton, “Solar & Battery Energy Solution Agri-Industrial Plastics Co.”, Agri-Industrial Plastics Company, Feb. 2022, Total Pages 12. [cited by applicant]
Mike Gravely, “The Role of Energy Storage in Helping California Meet the State's Future Zero Carbon Energy Goals”, Energy Research and Development Division, California, 2021, Total Pages 23. [cited by applicant]
Natalie Smith et. al., “Integration of Pumped Heat Energy Storage with a Fossil-Fired Power Plant”, U.S. Department of Energy, 2021, Total Pages 6. [cited by applicant]
Siemens Gamesa, “Electric Thermal Energy Storage (ETES)—Industrial Decarbonization”, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, 2020, Total Pages 9. [cited by applicant]
Steffes, ThermElect Hydronic, Demand-Free, Off-Peak Heating, May 2020, Total Pages 2. [cited by applicant]
Thomas A. Buscheck, “Hybrid-energy technology enabled by heat storage and oxy-combustion for power and industrial-heat applications with near-zero or negative CO2 emissions”, Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Energy Storage W… [cited by applicant]
Todd Brix, “Converting Carbon. Storing Energy”, Richland, Washington U.S.A., Feb. 9, 2022, Total Pages 13. [cited by applicant]
Torbjörn Lindquist, “Powering the evolution of a renewable society, by redefining energy infrastructure”, Azelio, Feb. 7, 2022, Total Pages 10. [cited by applicant]
Travis McLing et. al., “Dynamic Earth Energy Storage: Grid Scale Energy Storage using Planet Earth as a Thermal Battery (RTES)”, Feb. 2022, Total Pages 7. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed on Aug. 23, 2024 for International Application No. PCT/US2024/024158, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Song, Jian, et al., “Combined supercritical CO2 (SCO2) cycle and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for hybrid solar and geothermal power generation: Thermoeconomic assessment of various configurations”, (Year: 2021), i… [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed on Dec. 20, 2024 for International Application No. PCT/US2024/024156, 29 pages. [cited by applicant]