Optical signal transmitter including folded coupling configuration of laser source to microwave photonic integrated circuit
A compact optical device, such as an optical transmitter or transceiver, including a folded configuration, where an optical signal generated by a laser source propagates in a first direction, then is redirected in an orthogonal direction, and then redirected again to propagate in a second direction opposite the first direction. In accordance with the folded configuration, the optical signal from the laser source is coupled to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulator that includes a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) waveguide coupled to a radio frequency (RF) transmission line to produce an RF signal modulated optical signal for remote transmission.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulator, comprising:
a Y-optical splitter;
a first thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) waveguide formed within a TFLN material layer, wherein the first TFLN waveguide has a first index of refraction greater than a second index of refraction of the TFLN material layer, and wherein the first TFLN waveguide is coupled to a first output of the Y-optical splitter;
a second TFLN waveguide formed within the TFLN material layer, wherein the second TFLN waveguide has the first index of refraction, and wherein the second TFLN waveguide is coupled to a second output of the Y-optical splitter;
a Y-optical combiner including a first input coupled to the first TFLN waveguide and a second input coupled to the second TFLN waveguide; and
first and second electrical conductors situated proximate the first and second TFLN waveguides, wherein the first and second electrical conductors are configured to receive a direct current (DC) bias voltage across the first and second electrical conductors;
a laser source coupled to an input of the Y-optical splitter of the MZI modulator;
a submount over which the MZI modulator is mounted;
a collimating lens optically coupled to the laser source, wherein the collimating lens is positioned in a groove formed in the submount for optically aligning with the laser source; and
an optical isolator optically coupled to the collimating lens, wherein the optical isolator is also positioned within the groove of the submount for optically aligning with the collimating lens and the laser source.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the MZI modulator further comprises a coplanar transmission line including a radio frequency (RF) signal transmission line situated laterally between the first and second TFLN waveguides, and first and second grounded transmission lines, wherein the first TFLN waveguide is situated laterally between the RF signal transmission line and the first grounded transmission line, and wherein the second TFLN waveguide is situated laterally between the RF signal transmission line and the second grounded transmission line.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the coplanar transmission line is disposed over the TFLN material layer.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising a low noise amplifier (LNA) including an input configured to receive an RF signal, and an output coupled to the coplanar transmission line to increase overall link gain and lower link noise figure (NF).
5. The apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising a termination resistor coupled to the coplanar transmission line to reduce or prevent RF signal reflections.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the MZI modulator further comprises a substrate, wherein the TFLN material layer is disposed over the substrate.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the substrate comprises silicon.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the MZI modulator comprises a bonding layer situated between the TFLN material layer and the substrate.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the bonding layer comprises an ultraviolet (UV) glue, a benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer, an SU-8 polymer, or a bonding sheet.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the laser source comprises a continuous wave (CW) distributed feedback (DFB) laser source, and further comprising a monitor photo detector (PD) optically coupled to the laser source to monitor output signal generated by the laser source.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a prism reflector configured to change a direction of an optical signal received from the optical isolator by substantially 90 degrees enabling product compactness.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the MZI modulator is formed in a microwave photonic integrated circuit (MWPIC) including a lens integrated or etched on a bottom side of a substrate of the MWPIC, the lens being configured to receive the optical signal from the prism reflector.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the MWPIC includes a 45-degree inclined reflective surface configured to redirect the optical signal from the integrated lens towards the MZI modulator, wherein the prism reflector and 45-degree inclined reflective surface are collectively configured to generate a foldback optical propagation of the optical signal, and wherein the MWPIC further comprises a mode-transforming taper integrated into the TFLN layer, the mode-transforming taper being configured to match the mode diameter of the reflected optical signal to the input region of the TFLN waveguide, thereby reducing coupling losses and improving optical efficiency.
14. An apparatus, comprising:
a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulator, comprising:
a Y-optical splitter;
a first thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) waveguide formed within a TFLN material layer, wherein the first TFLN waveguide has a first index of refraction greater than a second index of refraction of the TFLN material layer, and wherein the first TFLN waveguide is coupled to a first output of the Y-optical splitter;
a second TFLN waveguide formed within the TFLN material layer, wherein the second TFLN waveguide has the first index of refraction, and wherein the second TFLN waveguide is coupled to a second output of the Y-optical splitter;
a Y-optical combiner including a first input coupled to the first TFLN waveguide and a second input coupled to the second TFLN waveguide;
a laser source coupled to an input of the Y-optical splitter of the MZI modulator;
a collimating lens optically coupled to the laser source;
an optical isolator optically coupled to the collimating lens
a prism reflector configured to change a direction of an optical signal received from the optical isolator by substantially 90 degrees;
a microwave photonic integrated circuit (MWPIC) comprising:
a substrate comprising an integrated lens configured to receive the optical signal from the prism reflector; and
a 45-degree inclined reflective surface configured to redirect the optical signal from the integrated lens towards the MZI modulator, wherein the prism reflector and 45-degree inclined reflective surface are collectively configured to generate a foldback optical propagation of the optical signal.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the laser source comprises a continuous wave (CW) distributed feedback (DFB) laser source.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the MZI modulator further comprises first and second electrical conductors situated proximate the first and second TFLN waveguides, wherein the first and second electrical conductors are configured to receive a direct current (DC) bias voltage across the first and second electrical conductors.
17. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising a termination resistor coupled to the coplanar transmission line.