Reactor condition controlled check valve permits coolant to flow from a reservoir to an isolation condenser chamber
Nuclear reactors include isolation condenser systems that can be selectively connected with the reactor to provide desired cooling and pressure relief. Isolation condensers are immersed in a separate chamber holding coolant to which the condenser can transfer heat from the nuclear reactor. The chamber may selectively connect to an adjacent coolant reservoir for multiple isolation condensers. A check valve may permit coolant to flow only from the reservoir to the isolation condenser. A passive switch can operate the check valve and other isolating components. Isolation condensers can be activated by opening an inlet and outlet to/from the reactor for coolant flow. Fluidic controls and/or a pressure pulse transmitter may monitor reactor conditions and selectively activate individual isolation condensers by opening such flows. Isolation condenser systems may be positioned outside of containment in an underground silo with the containment, which may not have any other coolant source.
1. A nuclear reactor system for commercially generating electricity, the system comprising:
a nuclear reactor;
at least one primary coolant loop connecting to the nuclear reactor; and
an isolation condenser system connecting to the nuclear reactor, wherein the isolation condenser system includes
a coolant chamber configured to hold a liquid external coolant,
a coolant pool configured to hold the liquid external coolant,
a flow path between the coolant pool and the coolant chamber, wherein the flow path is openable to allow the liquid external coolant to flow between the coolant pool and the coolant chamber and closeable to prevent the liquid external coolant from flowing between the coolant pool and the coolant chamber,
a heat exchanger in the coolant chamber, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to exchange heat from a primary coolant of the nuclear reactor and the liquid external coolant in the coolant chamber without mixing the primary coolant and the liquid external coolant,
an inlet line connecting the nuclear reactor to an entrance of the heat exchanger, and
an outlet line connecting an exit of the heat exchanger back to the nuclear reactor.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the isolation condenser system includes a plurality of the heat exchangers, wherein each heat exchanger is in one of a plurality of coolant chambers, and wherein each coolant chamber is connected to the coolant pool by an openable and closeable flow path.
3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a containment surrounding the nuclear reactor, wherein the isolation condenser system is outside of the containment, wherein the containment extends underground, and wherein there is no open coolant source or active coolant pump inside the containment; and
a silo seismically shielding the containment.
4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a selective activation and isolation system configured to activate the isolation condenser system by opening a coolant loop containing the inlet line, the outlet line, the reactor, and the heat exchanger.
5. The system of claim 4 , further comprising:
a plurality of the isolation condenser systems, wherein the selective activation and isolation system includes a plurality of fluidic controls, and wherein each of the fluidic controls is configured to open the coolant loop of one of the isolation condenser systems at a reactor pressure setpoint.
6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the reactor pressure setpoint is different for each one of the fluidic controls such that each one of the coolant loops is opened at a different reactor pressure.
7. The system of claim 4 , wherein the selective activation and isolation system includes a pressure pulse transmitter configured to open the coolant loop of the isolation condenser system at a reactor water level setpoint.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the nuclear reactor is a maximum 1000 megawatt-thermal rated boiling water nuclear reactor.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the nuclear reactor includes a pressure vessel housing a core of the nuclear fuel, and wherein the pressure vessel has a height-to-width ratio over 3.9.
10. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a containment completely and impermeably surrounding the nuclear reactor.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein there is no liquid coolant pool outside the reactor and inside the containment.
12. The system of claim 10 , wherein there is no pump inside the containment.
13. The system of claim 10 , wherein the containment and the reactor extend underground.
14. The system of claim 10 , further comprising:
a silo extending underground and housing the nuclear reactor, the containment, and the isolation condenser system.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger includes a plurality of vertical channels extending down and immersed in a coolant chamber.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the inlet line divides and extends horizontally to different vertical channels of the plurality of vertical channels, and wherein the outlet line combines the flow from the different vertical channels into a single line connecting directly to the nuclear reactor and separately from the primary coolant loop.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the isolation condenser system forms a loop with the nuclear reactor such that fluid entering the isolation condenser system from the nuclear reactor can flow only back into the nuclear reactor from the isolation condenser system.
18. A nuclear reactor system for commercially generating electricity, the system comprising:
a nuclear reactor;
at least one primary coolant loop connecting to the nuclear reactor; and
an isolation condenser system connecting to the nuclear reactor, wherein the isolation condenser system includes
at least one isolation condenser in a coolant chamber, wherein the isolation condenser includes a heat exchanger and is configured to transfer heat from a reactor coolant to the coolant chamber,
a coolant pool,
a flow path between the coolant pool and the coolant chamber, wherein the flow path is openable and closeable to connect and isolate the coolant pool and the coolant chamber, and wherein the flow path includes a check valve preventing coolant flow from the coolant chamber to the coolant pool,
a switch configured to determine relative coolant level between the coolant chamber and the coolant pool and operate the check valve based on the relative coolant level,
an inlet line connecting the nuclear reactor to an entrance of the heat exchanger, and
an outlet line connecting an exit of the heat exchanger back to the nuclear reactor, wherein the entrance is vertically above the exit.
19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the switch is passive and includes a first float in the coolant chamber and a second float in the coolant pool, and wherein the switch is configured to close the check valve so as to isolate the coolant chamber when the relative position of the first float is above the second float.