Apparatuses and methods for producing covetic materials using microwave reactors
Apparatuses and methods for producing covetic materials by exciting a hydrocarbon gas with pulse microwaves to form hydrocarbon radicals in a hot first region of a microwave reactor. Graphene nanoplatelets are formed by the nucleation, growth, and assembly of the hydrocarbon radicals, and contact a metal melt introduced downstream of the hot region to produce a mixture of molten metal and graphene nanoplatelets which assemble in-flight to form covetic materials.
1. An apparatus for producing covetic materials, comprising:
an energy source configured to generate a microwave energy;
a reactor including:
a first region including a first inlet port through which a hydrocarbon gas flows into the reactor, the first region configured to dissociate the hydrocarbon gas into carbon species and hydrogen species based on the microwave energy; and
a second region disposed downstream of the first region and including a second inlet port through which a metal is received into the reactor, the second region configured to form a mixture of the carbon species and the metal; and
an output port configured to form the covetic materials by cooling the mixture.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a control circuit configured to pulse the microwave energy.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the pulsed microwave energy is associated with transverse electromagnetic wave propagation.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the pulsed microwave energy is associated with transverse electric wave (TE) propagation.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a heating element disposed in thermal communication with the reactor and configured to melt the metal prior to the formation of the mixture.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a cross-sectional area of the reactor decreases along a length of the reactor from the first inlet port to the output port.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a temperature of the first region is greater than a temperature of the second region.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the output port is configured to spray the covetic materials onto a substrate.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a torch coupled to the output port.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the torch is one or more of a metal plasma torch or a microwave plasma torch.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a pair of electrodes configured to generate an electric field within the reactor.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the electric field is configured to generate a current through the mixture.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the disassociated carbon species comprise plasma.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , further comprising one or more control circuits configured to adjust a temperature of the metal independently of a temperature of the plasma.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metal includes one or more of aluminum, copper, or silver.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a melting apparatus configured to transform the metal into molten metal.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the melting apparatus comprises a tungsten inert gas (TIG) welder power supply.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising one or more of a cyclone apparatus, a mechanical tumbler agitator, or a fluidized bed apparatus disposed downstream of the output port.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the one or more of the cyclone apparatus, the mechanical tumbler agitator, or the fluidized bed apparatus is configured to cool the mixture.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the covetic materials comprise graphene planes.