System and method for angstrom confinement of trapped ions
There is provided a system and method for angstrom confinement of trapped ions. The method including: receiving water molecules and ionic compounds in a first reservoir, an angstrom confinement assembly is positioned between the first reservoir and a second reservoir, the angstrom confinement assembly defining angstrom conduits; and repeatedly applying an electric field across a first electrode and a second electrode, the first electrode on a same side of the angstrom confinement assembly as the first reservoir and the second electrode on a same side of the angstrom confinement assembly as the second reservoir, the electric field applied such that, when the electric field is applied, positive ions of the ionic compounds are induced to flow through the angstrom conduits, and wherein, when the electric field is not applied, water molecules flow into the angstrom conduits due to capillary forces to confine the positive ions in the angstrom conduits.
1. A system for angstrom confinement of ions, the system comprising:
a first reservoir configured to receive ionic compounds from which the ions can be separated and water molecules to support electroosmosis;
a second reservoir in fluid communication with the first reservoir by a microchannel therebetween;
a first electrode positioned in or adjacent to the microchannel proximate the first reservoir;
a second electrode positioned in or adjacent to the microchannel proximate the second reservoir;
wherein the first and second electrodes are configured to form an electric field therebetween for electroosmosis of the ionic compounds; and
an angstrom confinement assembly positioned in the microchannel between the first and second reservoirs and the first and second electrodes for trapping the ions, wherein the angstrom confinement assembly comprises a plurality of spacers disposed in spaced relation one to the next to define plural angstrom conduits between respective ones of each adjacent pair of the spacers, wherein the angstrom conduits have prescribed angstrom-order heights to confine the ions and the water molecules to respective linear chains therein;
whereby, when said electric field is formed, positive ions of the ionic compounds are separated from negative ions of the ionic compounds by inducing the positive ions to flow through the angstrom conduits, the positive ions being separated by the water molecules in the respective linear chains within the angstrom conduits, and when said electric field is not formed, water molecules flow into the angstrom conduits due to capillary forces to confine the positive ions in the respective linear chains in the angstrom conduits.
2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a first component defining the first reservoir and the second reservoir; and
a second component bonded to the first component, the first component and the second component defining the microchannel therebetween for fluidically connecting the first reservoir and the second reservoir.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the first component and the second component each comprise substrates comprised of Silicon Dioxide coated Silicon or Silicon Nitride coated Silicon.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the angstrom confinement assembly comprises a plurality of atomically flat spacers with apertures in the layers defining the angstrom conduits.
5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the spacers are comprised of hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN).
6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the spacers are comprised of graphene.
7. The system of claim 4 , wherein the angstrom confinement assembly is fabricated by stacking the atomically flat spacers together using van der Waals forces.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the angstrom confinement assembly is patterned using reactive-ion etching (RIE).
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first reservoir is configured to receive Cesium Chloride or Sodium Chloride defining the ionic compounds.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes are configured to form the electric field such that the first electrode operates as an anode and the second electrode acts as a cathode.
11. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a measurement accessway between the first and second reservoirs and registered with the angstrom confinement assembly for permitting optical measurement of the angstrom confinement assembly.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the prescribed angstrom-order height of each angstrom conduit is 3.4 Å.