Shape-memory effector assemblies with integrated position sensing
An effector system comprises: an effector assembly including: a first segment having a conduit between a proximal end and a distal end, an inner surface of the conduit having a conductive portion and a resistive portion; an output member slidable within the conduit, the output member having a conductive exterior contacting the inner surface; a first shape-memory transducer affixed between the proximal end and the output member; and a second shape-memory transducer affixed between the distal end and the output member; and a controller configured to: selectively energize: (i) the first shape-memory transducer to slide the output member in a first direction, (ii) the second shape-memory transducer to slide the output member in a second direction, or (iii) the resistive portion of the inner surface; and in response to energizing the resistive portion, determine a position of the output member.
1. An effector system, comprising:
an effector assembly including:
a first segment having a conduit between a proximal end and a distal end, an inner surface of the conduit having a conductive portion and a resistive portion;
an output member slidable within the conduit, the output member having a conductive exterior contacting the inner surface;
a first shape-memory transducer affixed between the proximal end and the output member; and
a second shape-memory transducer affixed between the distal end and the output member; and
a controller configured to:
selectively energize: (i) the first shape-memory transducer to slide the output member in a first direction, (ii) the second shape-memory transducer to slide the output member in a second direction, or (iii) the resistive portion of the inner surface; and
in response to energizing the resistive portion, determine a position of the output member.
2. The effector system of claim 1 , wherein the effector assembly further comprises:
a second segment movably coupled to the distal end of the first segment; and
a linkage between the output member and the second segment, the linkage configured to move the second segment relative to the first segment in response to sliding of the output member.
3. The effector system of claim 1 , further comprising:
an electrical subassembly having a first electrical connection to the first shape-memory transducer, a second electrical connection to the second shape-memory transducer, a third electrical connection to the conductive portion, and a fourth electrical connection to the resistive portion.
4. The effector system of claim 3 , wherein the controller is configured to energize the first shape-memory transducer by controlling the electrical subassembly to (i) enable the first and third electrical connections, and (ii) supply current to the first electrical connection for transmission to the third electrical connection via the first shape-memory transducer, the output member, and the conductive portion.
5. The effector system of claim 3 , wherein the controller is configured to energize the resistive portion by controlling the electrical subassembly to (i) enable the third and fourth electrical connections, and (ii) supply current to the fourth electrical connection for transmission to the third electrical connection via the resistive portion, the output member, and the conductive portion.
6. The effector system of claim 5 , wherein the controller is further configured to energize the resistive portion by controlling the electrical subassembly to disable the first and second electrical connections.
7. The effector system of claim 3 , wherein the controller is further configured to determine the position of the output member based on a measured voltage between a current supply of the electrical subassembly, and the fourth electrical connection.
8. The effector system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to alternate between energizing one of the first shape-memory transducer and the second shape-memory transducer, and energizing the resistive portion of the inner surface, according to a duty cycle.
9. The effector system of claim 8 , wherein the controller is further configured to modify the duty cycle based on the determined position of the output member.
10. The effector system of claim 1 , wherein the first segment includes:
a conductive wall forming the conductive portion of the inner surface; and
a resistive member recessed into the conductive wall forming the resistive portion of the inner surface.
11. The effector system of claim 10 , wherein the first segment includes a conductor extending from the resistive member to an exterior of the conductive wall.
12. The effector system of claim 10 , wherein the resistive member extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the conduit.
13. A method, comprising:
at a controller, selecting a duty cycle;
during a first portion of a time period according to the duty cycle, energizing a shape-memory transducer affixed between an end of a conduit and an output member slidably disposed in the conduit, wherein an inner surface of the conduit includes a conductive portion and a resistive portion, and wherein a conductive exterior of the output member engages the conductive portion and the resistive portion;
during a second portion of the time period according to the duty cycle, energizing the resistive portion to complete a circuit including the resistive portion, the output member, and the conductive portion;
responsive to energizing the resistive portion, determining a position of the output member based on a measured voltage associated with the circuit.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
selecting a modified duty cycle based on the determined position of the output member.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein selecting the modified duty cycle includes reducing the duty cycle when the determined position meets a first threshold.