Lithium battery and method of preparing the same
A lithium battery including a cathode, an anode, a liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane between the cathode and the anode, and an interlayer including a metal-carbon composite between the anode and the liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane, wherein the metal-carbon composite includes a carbonaceous material, a metal chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, and a metal sulfide, a metal fluoride, or a combination thereof chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material.
1. A lithium battery comprising:
a cathode, an anode, and a liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane between the cathode and the anode, and
an interlayer comprising a metal-carbon composite between the anode and the liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane, wherein the metal-carbon composite comprises:
a carbonaceous material,
a metal chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, wherein the metal comprises silver, gold, platinum, palladium, silicon, aluminum, bismuth, zinc, gallium, indium, or a combination thereof, and
a metal sulfide, a metal fluoride, or a combination thereof, chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, wherein the metal sulfide comprises a silver sulfide, a zinc sulfide, a platinum sulfide, a silicon sulfide, a bismuth sulfide, a gold sulfide, a gallium sulfide, an indium sulfide, an aluminum sulfide, or a combination thereof.
2. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the metal comprises silver, gold, silicon, aluminum, bismuth, gallium, indium, or a combination thereof.
3. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the metal sulfide comprises a silver sulfide, a silicon sulfide, a bismuth sulfide, a gold sulfide, a gallium sulfide, an indium sulfide, an aluminum sulfide, or a combination thereof, and
the metal fluoride comprises a silver fluoride, a tin fluoride, a zinc fluoride, a silicon fluoride, a bismuth fluoride, a gallium fluoride, an indium fluoride, an aluminum fluoride, or a combination thereof.
4. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the metal-carbon composite is a silver-carbon composite comprising
silver chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, and
a silver sulfide, a silver fluoride, or a combination thereof chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material.
5. The lithium battery of claim 4 ,
wherein the silver sulfide is an alpha-phase Ag2S.
6. The lithium battery of claim 4 ,
wherein, in an X-ray diffraction analysis of the silver-carbon composite, a ratio of an intensity of a peak of α-Ag 2 S to an intensity of a peak corresponding to an Ag(111) face is in a range of about 0.03:1 to about 0.06:1.
7. The lithium battery of claim 4 ,
wherein, in an X-ray diffraction analysis of the silver-carbon composite, a full width at half maximum of a diffraction angle 2θ of a peak corresponding to an Ag(111) face is in a range of about 0.1° to about 0.3°.
8. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein an amount of the metal in the metal-carbon composite is in a range of about 1 part to about 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the metal-carbon composite, and
an amount of the metal sulfide, the metal fluoride, or the combination thereof is in a range of about 0.01 parts to about 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the metal-carbon composite.
9. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein, when the metal-carbon composite is analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
an atomic surface composition of fluorine is in a range of about 0.4 atomic percent to about 2 atomic percent, based on a total content of the surface of the metal-carbon composite, and
an atomic surface composition of sulfur is in a range of about 0.6 atomic percent to about 1.6 atomic percent, based on a total content of the surface of the metal-carbon composite.
10. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein a size of the metal in the metal-carbon composite is in a range of about 0.5 nanometers to about 300 nanometers, and
a size of the metal sulfide, the metal fluoride, or the combination thereof is in a range of about 0.1 nanometers to about 10 nanometers.
11. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein an amount of the metal-carbon composite in the interlayer is in a range of about 90 parts to about 99 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the interlayer.
12. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the interlayer comprises a binder, and
wherein the binder comprises polyvinylidene fluoride, a polyvinyl alcohol copolymer, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof.
13. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the carbonaceous material comprises amorphous carbon, crystalline carbon, or a combination thereof,
wherein the amorphous carbon comprises carbon black, a vapor grown carbon fiber, acetylene black, activated furnace black, Ketjen black, a carbon nanofiber, or a combination thereof, and
wherein the crystalline carbon comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, a carbon nanotube, graphene, or a combination thereof.
14. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the anode comprises a lithium metal, a lithium alloy, or a combination thereof.
15. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the anode comprises an anode current collector and a first anode active material layer, and
wherein the first anode active material layer comprises a carbonaceous anode active material, or
the first anode active material layer comprises a carbonaceous anode active material and a metal element, wherein the metal element comprises indium, silicon, gallium, tin, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, niobium, germanium, antimony, bismuth, gold, platinum, palladium, magnesium, palladium, silver, zinc, or a combination thereof.
16. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the anode comprises an anode current collector and a first anode active material layer,
wherein a second anode active material layer is on the first anode active material layer and between the anode current collector and the first anode active material layer, and
wherein the second anode active material layer comprises lithium, a lithium alloy, or a combination thereof.
17. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane comprises a solid ionic conductor, a composite comprising a solid ionic conductor and a non-ionic conductor, or a combination thereof.
18. The lithium battery of claim 17 , wherein the solid ionic conductor comprises Li 1+x Ti 2−x Al(PO 4 ) 3 , wherein 0≤x≤4, a Li—Ge—P—S material, Li 1+x+y Al x Ti 2−x Si y P 3−y O 12 , wherein 0<x<2 and 0≤y<3, BaTiO 3 , Pb(Zr a Ti 1−a )O 3 , wherein 0<a<1, Pb 1−x La x Zr 1−y Ti y O 3 , wherein 0≤x<1 and 0≤y<1, Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 —PbTiO 3 , HfO 2 , SrTiO 3 , SnO 2 , CeO 2 , Na 2 O, MgO, NiO, CaO, BaO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 , SiC, Li 3 PO 4 , Li x Ti y (PO 4 ) 3 wherein 0<x<2 and 0<y<3, Li x Al y Ti z (PO 4 ) 3 wherein 0<x<2, 0<y<1, and 0<z<3, Li 1+x+y (Al a Ga 1−a ) x (Ti b Ge 1−b ) 2−x Si y P 3−y O 12 , wherein 0<a<1, 0<b<1, 0≤x≤1 and 0≤y≤1, Li x La y TiO 3 wherein 0<x<2 and 0<y<3, Li x Ge y P z S w wherein 0<x<4, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, and 0<w<5, Li x N y , wherein 0<x<4 and 0<y<2, Li x Si y S z wherein 0<x<3, 0<y<2, and 0<z<4, Li x P y S z wherein 0<x<3, 0<y<3, and 0<z<7, Li 2 O, LiF, LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiAlO 2 , a Li 2 O—Al 2 O 3 —SiO 2 —P 2 O 5 —TiO 2 —GeO 2 ceramic, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 3+x La 3 Zr 2−a M a O 12 , wherein M is Ga, W, Nb, Ta, or Al, x is an integer of 1 to 10, and 0.05≤a≤0.7), Li 3+x La 3 M 2 O 12 , wherein 0≤x≤5 and M is Te, Nb, or Zr, or a combination thereof.
19. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein a thickness of the interlayer is in a range of about 0.1 micrometers to about 50 micrometers.
20. The lithium battery of claim 1 ,
wherein the lithium battery is an all solid state battery.
21. A method of preparing a lithium battery of claim 1 , the method comprising:
providing a composition for the interlayer comprising the metal-carbon composite, a binder, and a solvent;
coating the composition on a first surface of the liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane;
drying the composition to provide the interlayer;
arranging the anode on the interlayer; and
arranging the cathode on an opposite second surface of the liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane.
22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising:
mixing a sulfur-containing metal precursor, a fluorine-containing metal precursor, or a combination thereof, a carbonaceous material, and a solvent to obtain a precursor mixture;
drying the precursor mixture to obtain a dried precursor mixture; and
heat-treating the dried precursor mixture at a temperature of about 100° C. to about 900° C. to provide the metal-carbon composite for the composition.
23. The method of claim 22 ,
wherein the heat-treating of the dried precursor mixture comprises a first heat-treatment performed at a temperature of about 100° C. to about 400° C. and a second heat-treatment performed at a temperature in a range of about 350° C. to about 800° C.
24. The method of claim 21 ,
wherein the sulfur-containing metal precursor is silver methanesulfonate, silver ethanesulfonate, silver propanesulfonate, silver-2-propanesulfonate, silver butanesulfonate, silver 2-butanesulfonate, silver pentanesulfonate, silver 1-sulfonate, silver 2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, silver 2-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonate, silver 2-hydroxypentanesulfonate, silver p-toluenesulfonate, silver p-phenolsulfonate, or a combination thereof, and
the sulfur- and fluorine-containing metal precursor is silver trifluoromethanesulfonate, silver bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, silver bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, silver fluorosulfonyl-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, or a combination thereof.
25. The method of claim 21 ,
wherein the carbonaceous material comprises amorphous carbon, crystalline carbon, or a combination thereof,
wherein the amorphous carbon comprises carbon black, a vapor grown carbon fiber, acetylene black, activated furnace black, Ketjen black, a carbon nanofiber, or a combination thereof, and the crystalline carbon comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, a carbon nanotube, graphene, or a combination thereof.
26. A metal-carbon composite for use in an interlayer of a battery comprising:
a carbonaceous material having an average particle diameter of about 10 nanometers to about 900 nanometers, the metal comprising carbon black, a vapor grown carbon fiber, acetylene black, activated furnace black, Ketjen black, a carbon nanofiber, natural graphite, artificial graphite, a carbon nanotube, graphene, or a combination thereof;
a metal having a size of about 0.5 nanometers to about 300 nanometers chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, the metal comprising silver, gold, platinum, palladium, silicon, aluminum, bismuth, zinc, gallium, indium, or a combination thereof; and
a metal sulfide, a metal fluoride, or a combination thereof having a size of about 0.1 nanometers to about 10 nanometers chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, the metal sulfide, the metal fluoride, or the combination thereof comprising a silver sulfide, a zinc sulfide, a platinum sulfide, a silicon sulfide, a bismuth sulfide, a gold sulfide, a gallium sulfide, an indium sulfide, an aluminum sulfide, a silver fluoride, a zinc fluoride, a silicon fluoride, a bismuth fluoride, a gallium fluoride, an indium fluoride, an aluminum fluoride, or a combination thereof,
wherein a total amount of the metal and the metal sulfide, the metal fluoride, or the combination thereof is about 15 weight percent to about 40 weight percent, based on a total weight of the metal-carbon composite.
27. The lithium battery of claim 1 , wherein
the metal fluoride is covalently bonded to the carbonaceous material, and the metal fluoride comprises a silver fluoride, a zinc fluoride, a silicon fluoride, a bismuth fluoride, a gallium fluoride, an indium fluoride, an aluminum fluoride, or a combination thereof.
28. A lithium battery comprising:
a cathode, an anode, and a liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane between the cathode and the anode, and
an interlayer comprising a silver-carbon composite between the anode and the liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane,
wherein the silver-carbon composite comprises silver chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, and a silver sulfide, a silver fluoride, or a combination thereof chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material.
29. The lithium battery of claim 28 ,
wherein the silver sulfide in an alpha-phase Ag 2 S is chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, and
in an X-ray diffraction analysis of the silver-carbon composite, a peak intensity ratio of a peak of α-Ag 2 S to a peak of an Ag(111) face is in a range of about 0.03:1 to about 0.06:1.