Atomic clock system
An atomic clock system includes a waveguide cavity that is sealed and comprises a gas enclosed therein. The waveguide cavity has a length that is an integer multiple of approximately one half-wavelength of a resonant frequency of the gas between two states. An oscillator system generates an RF signal through the waveguide cavity. The RF signal has a signal frequency that is approximately equal to the resonant frequency of the gas. A detection system measures a characteristic of the RF signal through the waveguide cavity to detect a maximum transition between the two states of the gas and to provide a feedback signal to the oscillator system to lock the signal frequency of the RF signal to the resonant frequency of the gas based on detecting the maximum transition. The detection system provides a frequency reference output signal based on the signal frequency of the RF signal.
1. An atomic clock system comprising:
a waveguide cavity that is sealed and comprises a gas enclosed therein, the waveguide cavity having a length that is an integer multiple of approximately one half-wavelength of a resonant frequency of the gas between two states;
an oscillator system configured to generate an RF signal through the waveguide cavity, wherein the oscillator system comprises a frequency controller that is configured to provide the RF signal as a dither signal between a first signal frequency and a second signal frequency, the RF signal having a center frequency between the first and second signal frequencies that is approximately equal to the resonant frequency of the gas; and
a detection system configured to measure a characteristic of the RF signal through the waveguide cavity to detect a maximum transition between the two states of the gas and to provide a feedback signal to the oscillator system to lock the center frequency of the RF signal to the resonant frequency of the gas based on detecting the maximum transition, the detection system being configured to provide a frequency reference output signal based on the center frequency of the RF signal.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the gas is ammonia gas.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the frequency controller is configured to provide the dither signal by adding a first offset frequency to the center frequency of the RF signal and by subtracting the first offset frequency from the center frequency of the RF signal at approximately equal time intervals to determine a difference between the center frequency of the RF signal and the resonant frequency of the gas, wherein the detection system comprises a detection processor configured to provide the feedback signal to adjust the center frequency to be approximately equal to the resonant frequency of the gas based on a difference in the measured characteristic between adding and subtracting the first offset frequency relative to the center frequency.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the frequency controller is configured to provide the dither signal by adding and subtracting the first offset frequency relative to the center frequency during a first duration of time, and by adding and subtracting a second offset frequency relative to the center frequency during a second duration of time, wherein the second offset frequency is greater than the first offset frequency, wherein the detection processor is configured to determine the resonant frequency of the gas based on a time-averaged difference in the measured characteristic of the RF signal in each of the first and second durations of time and to adjust the frequency reference output signal based on the determined resonant frequency.
5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the detection processor is configured to determine the resonant frequency of the gas based on identifying a pressure of the gas in the waveguide cavity in response to the time-averaged difference in the measured characteristic of the RF signal in each of the first and second durations of time.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide cavity comprises a transmit antenna at a first end of the waveguide cavity and a receive antenna at a second end of the waveguide cavity opposite the first end, wherein the transmit antenna is configured to radiate the RF signal through the waveguide cavity to be received by the receive antenna, wherein the detection system comprises a stub tuner configured to provide reactive loading to the transmit antenna to adjust an electrical length of the waveguide cavity in response to a change of a physical length of the waveguide cavity.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the waveguide cavity further comprises a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature of the waveguide cavity, wherein the stub tuner is configured to adjust the electrical length of the waveguide cavity in response to the change of the physical length of the waveguide cavity based on the temperature.
8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the oscillator system comprises a frequency controller that is configured to periodically sweep a frequency range between a first frequency and a second frequency on opposite sides of a power transmission peak of a power absorption frequency spectrum associated with the gas, wherein the stub tuner is configured to adjust the electrical length of the waveguide cavity in response to detecting the change of the physical length of the waveguide cavity in response to the periodic sweep of the frequency range.
9. An integrated circuit (IC) comprising the atomic clock system of claim 1 .
10. A method for providing a stable frequency reference output signal, the method comprising:
generating an RF signal having a center frequency that is approximately equal to a resonant frequency of ammonia gas, wherein generating the RF signal comprises:
adding an offset frequency to the center frequency of the RF signal during a first time interval; and
subtracting the offset frequency from the center frequency at a second time interval that is approximately equal to the first time interval;
radiating the RF signal via a transmit antenna through a waveguide cavity that is sealed and comprises the ammonia gas enclosed therein, the waveguide cavity having a length that is an integer multiple of approximately one half-wavelength of the resonant frequency of the ammonia gas between two states;
receiving the RF signal at a receive antenna opposite the transmit antenna through the waveguide cavity;
measuring a characteristic of the RF signal at the receive antenna to detect a maximum transition between the two states of the ammonia gas;
generating a feedback signal associated with a difference between the center frequency and the resonant frequency of the ammonia gas based on detecting the maximum transition;
adjusting the center frequency of the RF signal to be approximately equal to the resonant frequency in response to the feedback signal; and
providing the stable frequency reference output signal based on the center frequency of the RF signal.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein adding and subtracting the offset frequency relative to the center frequency comprises adding and subtracting a first offset frequency relative to the center frequency during a first duration of time, the method further comprising:
adding a second offset frequency to the center frequency of the RF signal during a first time interval of a second duration of time;
subtracting the second offset frequency from the center frequency at a second time interval that is approximately equal to the first time interval during the second duration of time, wherein the second offset frequency is greater than the first offset frequency;
determining the resonant frequency of the ammonia gas based on a time-averaged difference in the measured characteristic of the RF signal in each of the first and second durations of time; and
adjusting the stable frequency reference output signal based on the determined resonant frequency.
12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
measuring a temperature of the waveguide cavity;
detecting a change in a physical length of the waveguide cavity based on the temperature; and
changing a reactive loading of the transmit antenna to adjust an electrical length of the waveguide cavity to be approximately equal to the physical length of the waveguide cavity.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
periodically sweeping a signal frequency of the RF signal in a frequency range between a first frequency and a second frequency on opposite respective sides of a power transmission peak on a power absorption frequency spectrum associated with the ammonia gas;
detecting a change in a physical length of the waveguide cavity in response to the periodic sweep of the frequency range; and
changing a reactive loading of the transmit antenna to adjust an electrical length of the waveguide cavity to be approximately equal to the physical length of the waveguide cavity.
14. An integrated atomic clock system comprising:
a waveguide cavity that is sealed and comprises ammonia gas enclosed therein, the waveguide cavity having a length that is an integer multiple of approximately one half-wavelength of a resonant frequency of the ammonia gas between two states;
an oscillator system configured to generate an RF dither signal between a first signal frequency and a second signal frequency and to provide the RF dither signal through the waveguide cavity via a transmit antenna, the RF dither signal having a center frequency that is approximately equal to the resonant frequency of the ammonia gas; and
a detection system configured to measure a characteristic of the RF dither signal received at a receive antenna opposite the transmit antenna through the waveguide cavity in each of the first and second signal frequencies to detect a maximum transition between the two states of the ammonia gas and to provide a feedback signal to the oscillator system to lock the center frequency of the RF signal to the resonant frequency of the ammonia gas based on detecting the maximum transition, the detection system being configured to provide a frequency reference output signal based on the center frequency of the RF signal.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the oscillator system comprises a frequency controller configured to provide the RF dither signal by adding a first offset frequency to the center frequency of the RF dither signal and by subtracting the first offset frequency from the center frequency of the RF dither signal at approximately equal time intervals to determine a difference between the center frequency of the RF dither signal and the resonant frequency of the ammonia gas, wherein the detection system comprises a detection processor configured to provide the feedback signal to adjust the center frequency to be approximately equal to the resonant frequency of the ammonia gas based on a difference in the measured characteristic between adding and subtracting the first offset frequency relative to the center frequency.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the frequency controller is configured to provide the RF dither signal by adding and subtracting the first offset frequency relative to the center frequency during a first duration of time, and by adding and subtracting a second offset frequency relative to the center frequency during a second duration of time, wherein the second offset frequency is greater than the first offset frequency, wherein the detection processor is configured to determine the resonant frequency of the ammonia gas based on a time-averaged difference in the measured characteristic of the RF dither signal in each of the first and second durations of time and to adjust the frequency reference output signal based on the determined resonant frequency.
17. The system of claim 14 , wherein the waveguide cavity further comprises a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature of the waveguide cavity, wherein the detection system further comprises a stub tuner configured to adjust an electrical length of the waveguide cavity in response to the change of a physical length of the waveguide cavity based on the temperature.
18. The system of claim 14 , wherein the oscillator system comprises a frequency controller that is configured to periodically sweep a frequency range between a first frequency and a second frequency on opposite sides of a power transmission peak on a power absorption frequency spectrum associated with the ammonia gas, wherein the detection system further comprises a stub tuner configured to adjust the electrical length of the waveguide cavity in response to detecting the change of the physical length of the waveguide cavity in response to the periodic sweep of the frequency range.