Differential blood pressure estimation based on two-dimensional plethysmography images
Some disclosed methods involve controlling, via a control system, a light source system to emit a plurality of light pulses into biological tissue, the biological tissue including blood and blood vessels at depths within the biological tissue. Such methods may involve receiving, by the control system, signals from the piezoelectric receiver corresponding to acoustic waves emitted from portions of the biological tissue, the acoustic waves corresponding to photoacoustic emissions from the blood and the blood vessels caused by the plurality of light pulses. Such methods may involve generating, by the control system, a plethysmography image based on heart rate waveforms in the signals, and determining a blood pressure differential by comparing the plethysmography image with a reference plethysmography image.
1. A biometric system, comprising:
a piezoelectric receiver;
a light source system configured for emitting a plurality of light pulses; and
a control system configured for:
controlling the light source system to emit the plurality of light pulses into biological tissue, the biological tissue including blood and blood vessels at depths within the biological tissue;
receiving, from the piezoelectric receiver, signals corresponding to acoustic waves emitted from portions of the biological tissue, the acoustic waves corresponding to photoacoustic emissions from the blood and the blood vessels caused by the plurality of light pulses;
generating a plethysmography image based on heart rate waveforms in the signals, wherein the plethysmography image comprises a depth time dimension and a pulse time dimension, the depth time dimension being orthogonal to the pulse time dimension, the pulse time dimension including multiple heart rate cycles; and
determining a blood pressure differential by comparing the plethysmography image with a reference plethysmography image.
2. The biometric system of claim 1 , wherein the control system is configured for displaying the blood pressure differential on a display.
3. The biometric system of claim 1 , wherein the reference plethysmography image corresponds to a first heart rate cycle and the plethysmography image corresponds to a second heart rate cycle.
4. The biometric system of claim 1 , wherein the control system is configured for time-normalizing the plethysmography image and the reference plethysmography image.
5. The biometric system of claim 1 , wherein the plethysmography image comprises a plurality of regions, each region of the plurality of regions corresponding to a depth time interval and a corresponding heart rate cycle.
6. The biometric system of claim 1 , wherein the control system is configured for:
identifying a ground truth blood pressure; and
determining an absolute blood pressure based on the ground truth blood pressure and the blood pressure differential.
7. The biometric system of claim 6 , wherein the control system is configured for displaying the absolute blood pressure on a display.
8. The biometric system of claim 6 , wherein the ground truth blood pressure comprises a cuff-based blood pressure.
9. The biometric system of claim 1 , wherein the control system is configured for:
generating the reference plethysmography image based on a first raw plethysmography signal; and
generating the plethysmography image based on a second raw plethysmography signal.
10. The biometric system of claim 1 , wherein the light source system is configured for emitting the plurality of light pulses at a pulse repetition frequency between 10 Hz and 1 MHz.
11. A biometric method, comprising:
controlling, via a control system, a light source system to emit a plurality of light pulses into biological tissue, the biological tissue including blood and blood vessels at depths within the biological tissue;
receiving, by the control system, signals from a piezoelectric receiver, the signals corresponding to acoustic waves emitted from portions of the biological tissue, the acoustic waves corresponding to photoacoustic emissions from the blood and the blood vessels caused by the plurality of light pulses;
generating, by the control system, a plethysmography image based on heart rate waveforms in the signals, wherein the plethysmography image comprises a depth time dimension and a pulse time dimension, the depth time dimension being orthogonal to the pulse time dimension, the pulse time dimension including multiple heart rate cycles; and
determining, by the control system, a blood pressure differential by comparing at least a portion of the plethysmography image with at least a portion of a reference plethysmography image.
12. The biometric method of claim 11 , comprising displaying, by the control system, the blood pressure differential on a display.
13. The biometric method of claim 11 , wherein the reference plethysmography image corresponds to a first heart rate cycle and the plethysmography image corresponds to a second heart rate cycle.
14. The biometric method of claim 11 , comprising time-normalizing, by the control system, the plethysmography image and the reference plethysmography image.
15. The biometric method of claim 11 , wherein the plethysmography image comprises a plurality of regions, each region of the plurality of regions corresponding to a depth time interval and a corresponding heart rate cycle.
16. The biometric method of claim 11 , comprising:
identifying, by the control system, a ground truth blood pressure; and
determining, by the control system, an absolute blood pressure based on the ground truth blood pressure and the blood pressure differential.
17. The biometric method of claim 16 , comprising displaying, by the control system, the absolute blood pressure on a display.
18. The biometric method of claim 16 , wherein the ground truth blood pressure comprises a cuff-based blood pressure.
19. The biometric method of claim 11 , comprising:
generating, by the control system, the reference plethysmography image based on a first raw plethysmography signal; and
generating, by the control system, the plethysmography image based on a second raw plethysmography signal.
20. The biometric method of claim 11 , wherein the light source system is configured for emitting the plurality of light pulses at a pulse repetition frequency between 10 Hz and 1 MHz.
21. One or more non-transitory media having software stored thereon, the software including instructions for performing a biometric method, the biometric method comprising:
controlling, via a control system, a light source system to emit a plurality of light pulses into biological tissue, the biological tissue including blood and blood vessels at depths within the biological tissue;
receiving, by the control system, signals from a piezoelectric receiver, the signals corresponding to acoustic waves emitted from portions of the biological tissue, the acoustic waves corresponding to photoacoustic emissions from the blood and the blood vessels caused by the plurality of light pulses;
generating, by the control system, a plethysmography image based on heart rate waveforms in the signals, wherein the plethysmography image comprises a depth time dimension and a pulse time dimension, the depth time dimension being orthogonal to the pulse time dimension, the pulse time dimension including multiple heart rate cycles; and
determining, by the control system, a blood pressure differential by comparing at least a portion of the plethysmography image with at least a portion of a reference plethysmography image.
22. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 21 , wherein the biometric method further comprises displaying, by the control system, the blood pressure differential on a display.
23. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 21 , wherein the reference plethysmography image corresponds to a first heart rate cycle and the plethysmography image corresponds to a second heart rate cycle.
24. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 21 , wherein the biometric method further comprises time-normalizing, by the control system, the plethysmography image and the reference plethysmography image.
25. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 21 , wherein the plethysmography image comprises a plurality of regions, each region of the plurality of regions corresponding to a depth time interval and a corresponding heart rate cycle.
26. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 21 , wherein the biometric method further comprises:
identifying, by the control system, a ground truth blood pressure; and
determining, by the control system, an absolute blood pressure based on the ground truth blood pressure and the blood pressure differential.
27. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 26 , wherein the biometric method further comprises displaying, by the control system, the absolute blood pressure on a display.
28. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 26 , wherein the ground truth blood pressure comprises a cuff-based blood pressure.
29. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 21 , wherein the biometric method further comprises:
generating, by the control system, the reference plethysmography image based on a first raw plethysmography signal; and
generating, by the control system, the plethysmography image based on a second raw plethysmography signal.
30. The one or more non-transitory media of claim 21 , wherein the light source system is configured for emitting the plurality of light pulses at a pulse repetition frequency between 10 Hz and 1 MHz.