Ultralow concentration sensing of bio-matter with perovskite nickelate devices and arrays
Disclosed herein is an ultralow concentration sensor of biomarkers, and the use thereof to help heath industry, medical centers and food industry to sense biomarkers by catalyst assisted charge transfer from the biomarkers to the sensor device, resulting increased electrical resistance of the sensor. Specifically, perovskite nickelate RNiO 3 is used to sense biological material facilitated by specific enzymatic activity in the proximity.
1. A method of detecting a biomarker in a biological fluid, comprising:
(i) providing a device comprising the following components:
a perovskite nickelate film comprising RNiO 3 , wherein said perovskite nickelate film is configured as a lattice or with micro-fluidic channels, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of Sm, Nd, Eu, Gd, Dy, Y, Lu, Pr, and La; and
an enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for detection of the biomarker dopamine conjugated to a conductive material, wherein said conductive material is deposited on said perovskite nickelate film, wherein said enzyme facilitates hydrogen transfer from said biomarker to said perovskite nickelate film and reduces conductivity at the interface between the perovskite nickelate film and said biomarker;
(ii) measuring the resistance reading R 0 between the device and the conductive material;
(iii) immersing the device in the biological fluid, wherein the biological fluid is cerebrospinal fluid;
(iv) measuring the resistance reading R between the device and the conductive material after the immersing step; and
(v) determining a resistance ratio R/R 0 using the resistance readings of step (iv) and step (ii), respectively, whereupon the biomarker dopamine present in the cerebrospinal fluid is identified when the resistance ratio R/R 0 is greater than 1.
2. The method according to claim 1 , which is conducted at room temperature or at body temperature.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the detection limit for detecting dopamine is about 10 −17 M.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the device comprises Au as the conductive material.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein said horseradish peroxidase is conjugated to the conductive material via a reaction with cystamine.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the device is configured as arrays with circuits on a single chip to simultaneously sense biomarkers that corresponding enzymes specifically recognize and facilitate hydrogen transfer.
7. The method according to claim 1 , which is conducted spontaneously with the biological fluid immersion of the device and free of external energy input.