Ion source and neutron generator
A nuclear reaction generator includes a chamber configured to contain a gas and including a target. The nuclear reaction generator also includes a filament provided inside the chamber and a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage to the filament relative to the chamber. The first positive voltage is configured to heat the filament to a temperature at which thermionic emission occurs and a plurality of thermions are generated, and the plurality of thermions is configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions in the chamber. The target is configured such that nuclear reactions occur when the positive ions interact with the target.
1. An ion source comprising:
a chamber configured to contain a gas and comprising a first end and a second end;
an acceleration grid positioned in the chamber, oriented along a first direction extending between the first end and the second end of the chamber, surrounding an open center region of the chamber, and comprising a plurality of apertures spaced around the open center region of the chamber;
a plurality of filaments provided in the chamber, oriented along the first direction, and spaced around a circumference of the acceleration grid such that the plurality of filaments surround the acceleration grid; and
a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage to the plurality of filaments relative to the chamber and a second positive voltage to the acceleration grid relative to the chamber;
wherein:
the first positive voltage is configured to heat the plurality of filaments to a temperature at which thermionic emission occurs and a plurality of thermions are generated;
the plurality of thermions is configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions; and
the plurality of apertures allow the positive ions to pass through the acceleration grid and into or out of the open center region of the chamber.
2. The ion source of claim 1 , wherein the second positive voltage of the acceleration grid relative to the chamber and the first positive voltage of the plurality of filaments relative to the chamber are configured to create a recirculating electron trap with electrons oscillating back and forth in the open center region of the chamber, the recirculating electron trap causing ionization of the gas in the open center region.
3. The ion source of claim 1 , further comprising a filament guide, wherein the plurality of filaments are threaded through the filament guide to maintain filament spacing.
4. The ion source of claim 3 , wherein at least one of the plurality of filaments or the acceleration grid comprises tungsten or a tungsten alloy, and the filament guide comprises a non-conducting refractory material.
5. The ion source of claim 4 wherein the non-conducting refractory material comprises a ceramic.
6. The ion source of claim 1 , comprising a suppression grid that surrounds the filaments and acceleration grid, wherein the voltage source is configured to apply a third negative voltage to the suppression grid.
7. The ion source of claim 6 , wherein the suppression grid comprises a plurality of suppression grid apertures configured to allow the positive ions to pass therethrough; and
due to a difference in electrical potential between the acceleration grid and the suppression grid, the ions source is configured such that the positive ions that pass through the acceleration grid are accelerated towards the suppression grid.
8. The ion source of claim 1 , wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 1 millitorr.
9. The ion source of claim 1 , wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 0.1 millitorr.
10. The ion source of claim 1 , wherein the acceleration grid comprises a plurality of strips and the plurality of apertures are provided between the plurality of strips.
11. The ion source of claim 1 , wherein the acceleration grid is cylindrical and the plurality of filaments are arranged cylindrically.
12. The ion source of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of apertures are provided in intervals along a length of the acceleration grid.
13. A nuclear reaction generator comprising:
a chamber configured to contain a gas, comprising a first end and a second end, and providing a target configured for neutron generation;
an acceleration grid positioned in the chamber, oriented along a first direction extending between the first end and the second end of the chamber, surrounding an open center region of the chamber, and comprising a plurality of apertures spaced around the open center region of the chamber;
a plurality of filaments provided in the chamber, oriented along the first direction, and spaced around a circumference of the acceleration grid such that the plurality of filaments surround the acceleration grid; and
a voltage source configured to apply a first positive voltage to the plurality of filaments relative to the chamber and a second positive voltage to the acceleration grid relative to the chamber;
wherein:
the first positive voltage is configured to heat the plurality of filaments to a temperature at which thermionic emission occurs and a plurality of thermions are generated;
the plurality of thermions is configured to ionize the gas to generate positive ions in the chamber; and
the plurality of apertures allow the positive ions to pass through the acceleration grid and into or out of the open center region of the chamber.
14. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , wherein the target is configured such that nuclear reactions occur when the positive ions interact with the target.
15. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , wherein the target is at least one of positioned on an inner surface of a wall of the chamber, positioned on an outer surface of the wall of the chamber, or integrated into the wall of the chamber.
16. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , wherein the second positive voltage of the acceleration grid relative to the chamber and the first positive voltage of the plurality of filaments relative to the chamber are configured to create a recirculating electron trap with electrons oscillating back and forth in the open center region of the chamber, the recirculating electron trap causing ionization of the gas in the open center region.
17. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 16 , comprising a suppression grid that is concentric with and surrounds the filaments and acceleration grid, wherein the voltage source is configured to apply a third negative voltage to the suppression grid relative to the chamber.
18. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 17 , wherein:
the suppression grid comprises a plurality of suppression grid apertures configured to allow the positive ions to pass therethrough; and
due to a difference in electrical potential between the acceleration grid and the suppression grid, the nuclear reaction generator is configured such that the positive ions that pass through the acceleration grid from the open center region are accelerated towards the suppression grid.
19. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , wherein the target is comprised of a metal or semi-metal.
20. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 19 , wherein the metal or semi-metal is titanium or a titanium alloy.
21. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , wherein the target comprises carbon, aluminum, magnesium, zirconium, yttrium, scandium, erbium, or a mixture or alloy of any two or more thereof.
22. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , wherein the target comprises a layer provided
on an interior surface of the chamber
or on a metal provided on the interior surface of the chamber.
23. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 22 ,
wherein the target comprises titanium or an alloy of titanium.
24. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 1 millitorr.
25. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , wherein the chamber is configured to maintain a pressure of less than 0.1 millitorr.
26. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 13 , further comprising a filament guide supporting the plurality of filaments,
wherein at least one of the filaments or the acceleration grid comprises tungsten or a tungsten alloy,
and the filament guide comprises a non-conducting refractory material.
27. The nuclear reaction generator of claim 26 wherein the non-conducting refractory material comprises a ceramic.
28. The nuclear reactor generator of claim 13 , wherein the acceleration grid comprises a plurality of strips and the plurality of apertures are provided between the plurality of strips.
29. The nuclear reactor generator of claim 13 , wherein the acceleration grid is concentric with the plurality of filaments.
30. The nuclear reactor generator of claim 29 , wherein the plurality of apertures are provided in intervals along a length of the acceleration grid.