Osteoconductive fibers, medical implant comprising such osteoconductive fibers, and methods of making
The disclosure relates to high-strength polyolefin composite fibers, which fibers have a fiber body comprising a composition consisting of polyolefin; 1-30 mass % of bioceramic particles having particle size D50 of 0.01-10 μm; at most 0.05 mass % of residual spin solvent; optionally 0-3 mass % of other additives; and wherein the sum of a)-d) is 100 mass %; and which fibers have bioceramic particles exposed at their surface, and show bioactivity. The composite fibers based on a composition of polyolefin with bioceramic particles mixed therein show particles being exposed at the fiber surface by techniques like AFM and XPS, and although apparently only a relatively small amount of bioceramic particles is exposed at the fiber surface, this appears sufficient for effective interaction with their environment and stimulating a positive biological response as demonstrated by in vitro cell studies. The present disclosure also concerns a method of making the high-strength composite fibers via a gel spinning process, fibrous articles comprising said bioactive composite fibers. Further embodiments concern use of these fibrous articles as a component of a medical implant or as a medical implant, especially as permanent high-strength orthopedic implants for repairing bone fractures or torn ligaments or tendons. Other embodiments include medical devices or implants comprising said fibrous articles.
1. A high-strength polyolefin composite fiber, which fiber has a fiber body consisting of a composition, optionally a spin finish, and optionally an anti-microbial agent on the surface of the fiber, the composition consisting of:
a) a polyolefin, wherein the polyolefin is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE);
b) 1-30 mass % of bioceramic particles having particle size D50 of 0.01-10 μm;
c) at most 0.05 mass % of residual spin solvent;
d) optionally 0-3 mass % of other additives selected from the group consisting of anti-static agents, anti-oxidants, stabilizers, colorants, lubricants, and combinations thereof; and
wherein the sum of a)-d) is 100 mass %;
wherein the fiber body has bioceramic particles exposed at the surface of the fiber body, partly embedded in the surface of the fiber body, and not fully covered by the polyolefin and the bioceramic particles show bioactivity, in addition to bioceramic particles that are fully embedded in the polyolefin and not exposed at the surface of the fiber body, and wherein the fiber has a tensile strength of at least 15 cN/dtex.
2. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the bioceramic particles are calcium phosphates, bioactive glass, or mixtures thereof.
3. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the bioceramic particles are substantially spherical, ellipsoidal or cubical, having an aspect ratio of at most 5.
4. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the bioceramic particles are present in an amount of from 2 to 22 mass % of the composition.
5. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the fiber is a multi-filament yarn with titer of 10 to 2000 dtex and comprises filaments with a diameter of from 5 to 50 μm.
6. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the fiber has a tenacity of at least 20 cN/dtex.
7. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the fiber has a surface coverage by exposed bioceramic particles of 0.1-25 area % as determined with XPS and AFM surface analysis.
8. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the fiber shows at least 25% higher ALP activity after 28 days in an ALP assay compared to a corresponding fiber containing no bioceramic particles.
9. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the bioceramic particles comprise a mixture of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate in a mass ratio of 90:10 to 10:90.
10. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the bioceramic particles have a particle size of at least 10 nm and of at most 8 μm.
11. A biomedical device or implant comprising a plurality of the composite fiber according to claim 1 .
12. The biomedical device or implant according to claim 11 , wherein the device or implant is a permanent high-strength orthopedic implant for repairing bone fractures or torn ligaments or tendons.
13. The biomedical device or implant according to claim 11 , wherein the device or implant is selected from the group consisting of flexible tissue anchors, cortical fixation devices, high-strength orthopedic sutures, transosseous cerclage cables, synthetic tendons, synthetic ligament grafts, interspinous spacers, spinal disc prostheses, spinal fusion devices, and synthetic scaffolds to repair bone voids.
14. A method for making high-strength UHMWPE composite fibers by a gel-spinning process comprising steps of:
i. preparing a spin mixture consisting of:
a) UHMWPE having an intrinsic viscosity of between 5 and 40 dL/g;
b) bioceramic particles with particle size D50 of 0.01-10 μm when dispersed in decalin;
c) optionally other additives selected from the group consisting of anti-static agents, anti-oxidants, stabilizers, colorants, lubricants, and combinations thereof; and
d) a spin solvent;
ii. spinning the spin mixture through a multiple orifice die plate to form solvent-containing composite fibers;
iii. drawing the solvent-containing composite fibers in at least one drawing step; and
iv. removing at least partly the spin solvent from the solvent-containing composite fibers before, during, or after drawing the solvent-containing composite fibers.
15. The method according to claim 14 , further comprising the step of post-treating the surface of the fibers.
16. The method according to claim 14 , further comprising a step of post-treating the surface of the fibers by plasma etching in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
17. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the bioceramic particles are present in an amount of from 2 to 10 mass % of the composition.
18. The high-strength polyolefin composite fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the bioceramic particles comprise a mixture of hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass in a mass ratio of 90:10 to 10:90.
19. The high-strength polyolefin composite fibers according to claim 1 , wherein the fiber body is formed by a gel-spinning process comprising steps of:
i. preparing a spin mixture consisting of:
a) UHMWPE having an intrinsic viscosity of between 5 and 40 dL/g;
b) bioceramic particles with particle size D50 of 0.01-10 μm when dispersed in decalin;
c) optionally other additives selected from the group consisting of anti-static agents, anti-oxidants, stabilizers, colorants, lubricants, and combinations thereof; and
d) a spin solvent;
ii. spinning the spin mixture through a multiple orifice die plate to form solvent-containing composite fibers;
iii. drawing the solvent-containing composite fibers in at least one drawing step; and
iv. removing at least partly the spin solvent from the solvent-containing composite fibers before, during, or after drawing the solvent-containing composite fibers.