Acoustic transducer with piezoelectric elements having different polarities
An acoustic transducer includes a substrate element having a first side, and a second side opposite the first side. The acoustic transducer also includes first and second piezoelectric elements coupled to the first side, and third and fourth piezoelectric elements coupled to the second side. The first piezoelectric element has a first polarity, and the second piezoelectric element has a second polarity different than the first polarity. The third piezoelectric element has a third polarity, and the fourth piezoelectric element has a fourth polarity different than the third polarity.
1. An acoustic transducer, comprising:
a substrate element having a first side and a second side, wherein the second side is opposite the first side;
a first piezoelectric element coupled to the first side, the first piezoelectric element having a first polarity;
a second piezoelectric element coupled to the first side, the second piezoelectric element having a second polarity, wherein the second polarity is different than the first polarity;
a third piezoelectric element coupled to the second side, the third piezoelectric element having a third polarity;
a fourth piezoelectric element coupled to the second side, the fourth piezoelectric element having a fourth polarity, wherein the fourth polarity is different than the third polarity;
a first constraining layer on an outer surface of the first piezoelectric element;
a second constraining layer on an outer surface of the second piezoelectric element;
a third constraining layer on an outer surface of the third piezoelectric element; and
a fourth constraining layer on an outer surface of the fourth piezoelectric element.
2. The acoustic transducer of claim 1 , further comprising:
a first electrode coupled to the outer surface of the first piezoelectric element;
a second electrode coupled to the outer surface of the second piezoelectric element;
a third electrode coupled to the outer surface of the third piezoelectric element; and
a fourth electrode coupled to the outer surface of the fourth piezoelectric element.
3. The acoustic transducer of claim 2 , further wherein:
the first constraining layer is between the first electrode and the outer surface of the first piezoelectric element;
the second constraining layer is between the second electrode and the outer surface of the second piezoelectric element;
the third constraining layer is between the third electrode and the outer surface of the third piezoelectric element; and
the fourth constraining layer is between the fourth electrode and the outer surface of the fourth piezoelectric element.
4. The acoustic transducer of claim 3 , wherein each of the first through fourth constraining layers has a thickness greater than five percent of a thickness of the first through fourth piezoelectric elements, respectively.
5. The acoustic transducer of claim 2 , wherein each of the first through fourth electrodes has a thickness greater than five percent of a thickness of the first through fourth piezoelectric elements, respectively.
6. The acoustic transducer of claim 1 , further comprising a first insulator extending completely between the first piezoelectric element and the second piezoelectric element, and a second insulator extending completely between the third piezoelectric element and the fourth piezoelectric element.
7. The acoustic transducer of claim 6 , wherein the first and second insulators comprise air gaps.
8. The acoustic transducer of claim 1 , further comprising a voltage source coupled to the first through fourth piezoelectric elements and configured to provide an alternating voltage to each of the piezoelectric elements to vibrate the acoustic transducer at a resonant mode that is asymmetric with respect to a central plane that passes between the first and second piezoelectric elements, and that passes between the third and fourth piezoelectric elements.
9. The acoustic transducer of claim 1 , wherein the first polarity and the fourth polarity are same polarities, and wherein the second polarity and the third polarity are same polarities.
10. The acoustic transducer of claim 1 , wherein each of the first through fourth constraining layers comprise conductive material.
11. The acoustic transducer of claim 1 , wherein each of the first through fourth constraining layers comprise insulative material.
12. The acoustic transducer of claim 1 , wherein each of the first through fourth constraining layers are made of aluminum.
13. The acoustic transducer of claim 1 , wherein each of the first through fourth constraining layers are configured to smooth out peaks in frequency response of the acoustic transducer.
14. A method utilizing an acoustic logging tool within a borehole, the method comprising: deploying the acoustic logging tool into the borehole, the acoustic logging tool having an
acoustic transducer including:
a substrate element having a first side and a second side, wherein the second side is opposite the first side;
a first piezoelectric element coupled to the first side, the first piezoelectric element having a first polarity;
a second piezoelectric element coupled to the first side, the second piezoelectric element having a second polarity, wherein the second polarity is different than the first polarity;
a third piezoelectric element coupled to the second side, the third piezoelectric element having a third polarity;
a fourth piezoelectric element coupled to the second side, the fourth piezoelectric element having a fourth polarity, wherein the fourth polarity is different than the third polarity;
a first constraining layer on an outer surface of the first piezoelectric element;
a second constraining layer on an outer surface of the second piezoelectric element;
a third constraining layer on an outer surface of the third piezoelectric element; and
a fourth constraining layer on an outer surface of the fourth piezoelectric element;
providing a same voltage signal to each of the first through fourth piezoelectric elements to produce an acoustic force along the borehole; and
processing a received acoustic response to the produced acoustic force to determine properties of formations surrounding the borehole.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the acoustic transducer includes:
a first electrode coupled to the outer surface of the first piezoelectric element;
a second electrode coupled to the outer surface of the second piezoelectric element;
a third electrode coupled to the outer surface of the third piezoelectric element; and
a fourth electrode coupled to the outer surface of the fourth piezoelectric element.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein:
the first constraining layer is between the first electrode and the outer surface of the first piezoelectric element;
the second constraining layer is between the second electrode and the outer surface of the second piezoelectric element;
the third constraining layer is between the third electrode and the outer surface of the third piezoelectric element; and
the fourth constraining layer is between the fourth electrode and the outer surface of the fourth piezoelectric element.
17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising providing a first insulator that extends completely between the first piezoelectric element and the second piezoelectric element, and a second insulator that extends completely between the third piezoelectric element and the fourth piezoelectric element.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first and second insulators comprise air gaps.
19. The method of claim 14 , further comprising providing an alternating voltage to each of the piezoelectric elements to vibrate the acoustic transducer at a resonant mode that is asymmetric with respect to a central plane that passes between the first and second piezoelectric elements, and that passes between the third and fourth piezoelectric elements.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first polarity and the fourth polarity are same polarities, and wherein the second polarity and the third polarity are same polarities.