Solution-phase deposition of thin films on conversion anodes in lithium-ion batteries
Methods, systems, and compositions for the solution-phase deposition of thin films that form artificial SEIs on conversion anodes in lithium-ion batteries. In certain aspects, the solution-phase deposition methods comprise sequentially processing a lithium-ion conversion anode with multiple liquid reagents to form a monolayer or stacks of monolayers forming the thin film coating. The conversion anodes produced by the methods and systems described herein have a surface coating that is electrically insulating, consumes little to no lithium, is permeable to lithium transport, is impermeable to electrolyte and is mechanically robust against volumetric expansion.
1. A liquid phase deposition method for generating an artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a surface of a fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode composed of at least a conversion material, comprising:
(a) transferring, by a conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to a first reaction chamber containing a first liquid solution comprising at least a first reagent;
(b) exposing, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to the first liquid solution in the first reaction chamber to yield a partially-coated layer of the artificial SEI with at least the first reagent chemically bonded onto the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode;
(c) rinsing, in the first reaction chamber, the partially-coated layer of the artificial SEI with a first rinsing solution comprising a first solvent to remove unreacted first reagent;
(d) transferring, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode from (c) to a second reaction chamber containing a second liquid solution comprising at least a second reagent;
(e) exposing, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to the second liquid solution in the second reaction chamber, wherein at least the second reagent reacts with at least the first reagent chemically bonded onto the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to produce the artificial SEI comprising a monolayer on the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode, the monolayer comprising at least one or more metalcones generated from a reaction of at least the second reagent and the first reagent; and
(f) rinsing, in the second reaction chamber, the artificial SEI with a second rinsing solution comprising a second solvent to remove unreacted second reagent.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (a)-(f) are repeated to yield consecutive growth of multiple stacked monolayers, thereby yielding an artificial SEI having an overall thickness between 0.5 nanometers (nm) and 100 micrometers (μm).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode in step (a) has a thickness of 100 nm to 1,000 μm, has pores ranging in size of 0.1 nm to 100 μm, and has a film porosity of 1-99%.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conversion material comprises Si, Sn, Ge, Al, P, Zn, Ga, As, Cd, In, Sb, Pb, Bi, SiO, SnO 2 , or any combinations of these.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one or more metalcones are generated by a reaction between a first reagent comprising a metalorganic and a second reagent comprising an organic molecule.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the first reagent is a metalorganic comprising an organic moiety and a metal comprising at least one of Al, Zn, Si, Ti, Zr, Hf, Mn, or V, and the second reagent is an organic molecule comprising ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, butanediol, pentanediol, hydroquinone, hexanediol, lactic acid, triethanolamine, p-phenylenediamine, glycidol, caprolactone, fumaric acid, aminophenol, and/or diamino diphenyl ether.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conveyance apparatus comprises a series of rollers for transferring in (a) and (d) the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to the first reaction chamber or the second reaction chamber.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode of (b) and (e) are exposed to the first liquid solution and the second liquid solution by submerging, spraying, slot die coating, bath coating, or gravure roller coating.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode comprises an active material, wherein the active material is exposed to the first liquid solution and the second liquid solution by spraying, slot die coating, bath coating, or gravure roller coating.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
passing a first residual solution comprising the first solvent and unreacted first reagent to a first filtration step to separate unreacted first reagent from the first solvent;
passing a second residual solution comprising the second solvent and unreacted second reagent to a second filtration step to separate the unreacted second reagent from the second solvent;
recycling recovered unreacted first reagent or recovered unreacted second reagent back to the first liquid solution or the second liquid solution; and
recycling recovered first solvent or recovered second solvent back to the first rinsing solution or the second rinsing solution.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first filtration step and the second filtration step are carried out using membrane separation, chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, electrochemical removal, physical adsorption, flow filtration chromatography, or any combination of these.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid solution and the second liquid solution comprise more than one reagent.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the artificial SEI is composed of grains having a size ranging from 0.5 nm to 100 μm in length, the artificial SEI possesses an elastic modulus between 0.1 GPa and 100 GPa, and the artificial SEI possesses a bulk elongation at break between 1% and 500%.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the artificial SEI is crystalline.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the artificial SEI is amorphous.
16. A liquid phase deposition method for generating an artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a surface of a fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode composed of at least a conversion material, comprising:
(a) transferring, by a conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to a first reaction chamber containing a first liquid solution comprising at least a first reagent;
(b) exposing, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to the first liquid solution in the first reaction chamber to yield a partially-coated layer of the artificial SEI with at least the first reagent chemically bonded onto the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode;
(c) rinsing, in the first reaction chamber, the partially-coated layer of the artificial SEI with a first rinsing solution comprising a first solvent to remove unreacted first reagent;
(d) transferring, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode from (c) to a second reaction chamber containing a second liquid solution comprising at least a second reagent;
(e) exposing, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to the second liquid solution in the second reaction chamber, wherein at least the second reagent reacts with at least the first reagent chemically bonded onto the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to produce the artificial SEI comprising a monolayer on the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode, the monolayer comprising one or more organic materials generated from a reaction of at least the second reagent and the first reagent; and
(f) rinsing, in the second reaction chamber, the artificial SEI with a second rinsing solution comprising a second solvent to remove unreacted second reagent.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the one or more organic materials include a polymer comprising a polyamide, polyimide, polyurea, polyazomethine, a fluoroelastomer, or any combination of these.
18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising:
passing a first residual solution comprising the first solvent and the unreacted first reagent to a first filtration step to separate the unreacted first reagent from the first solvent;
passing a second residual solution comprising the second solvent and the unreacted second reagent to a second filtration step to separate the unreacted second reagent from the second solvent;
recycling recovered unreacted first reagent or recovered unreacted second reagent back to the first liquid solution or the second liquid solution; and
recycling recovered first solvent or second solvent back to the first rinsing solution or the second rinsing solution.
19. A liquid phase deposition method for generating an artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a surface of a fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode composed of at least a conversion material, comprising:
(a) transferring, by a conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to a first reaction chamber containing a first liquid solution comprising at least a first reagent;
(b) exposing, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to the first liquid solution in the first reaction chamber to yield a partially-coated layer of the artificial SEI with at least the first reagent chemically bonded onto the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode;
(c) rinsing, in the first reaction chamber, the partially-coated layer of the artificial SEI with a first rinsing solution comprising a first solvent to remove unreacted first reagent;
(d) transferring, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode from (c) to a second reaction chamber containing a second liquid solution comprising at least a second reagent;
(e) exposing, by the conveyance apparatus, the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to the second liquid solution in the second reaction chamber, wherein at least the second reagent reacts with at least the first reagent chemically bonded onto the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode to produce the artificial SEI comprising a monolayer on the surface of the fully-formed lithium-ion battery anode, the monolayer generated from a reaction of at least the second reagent and at least the first reagent and the artificial SEI is composed of grains having a size ranging from 0.5 nm to 100 μm in length, the artificial SEI possesses an elastic modulus between 0.1 GPa and 100 GPa, and the artificial SEI possesses a bulk elongation at break between 1% and 500%; and
(f) rinsing, in the second reaction chamber, the artificial SEI with a second rinsing solution comprising a second solvent to remove unreacted second reagent.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising:
passing a first residual solution comprising the first solvent and the unreacted first reagent to a first filtration step to separate the unreacted first reagent from the first solvent;
passing a second residual solution comprising the second solvent and the unreacted second reagent to a second filtration step to separate the unreacted second reagent from the second solvent;
recycling recovered unreacted first or recovered unreacted second reagent back to the first liquid solution or the second liquid solution; and
recycling recovered first solvent or recovered second solvent back to the first rinsing solution or the second rinsing solution.