Method and apparatus for providing a voltage
A method for generating a voltage waveform includes providing an optical signal, which comprises one or more sequences of optical pulses, distributing the optical pulses via optical waveguides to a plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units, using the optical-to-electrical converter units to convert the optical pulses into electric driving current pulses, generating voltage pulses by driving Josephson junctions with the electric driving current pulses.
1. A method for generating a voltage waveform, the method comprising:
providing an optical signal, which comprises one or more sequences of optical pulses,
distributing the one or more sequences of optical pulses via optical waveguides to a plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units, wherein the one or more sequences of optical pulses are distributed to the optical waveguides by one or more spectrally selective optical distributors inside a cryogenic chamber,
using the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to convert the one or more sequences of optical pulses into electric driving current pulses, and
generating voltage pulses by driving Josephson junctions with the electric driving current pulses.
2. The method of claim 1 , comprising forming a combined voltage signal by combining voltage pulses of several Josephson junctions.
3. The method of claim 1 , comprising forming a first output signal from voltage pulses generated by one or more first Josephson junctions, and forming a second different output signal from voltage pulses generated by one or more second Josephson junctions.
4. The method according to claim 2 , comprising forming a filtered voltage waveform by filtering the combined voltage signal with a low pass filter.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units comprises one or more optical-to-electrical converters, and wherein the optical waveguides and the one or more optical-to-electrical converters are implemented on a same substrate.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units comprises one or more optical-to-electrical converters, and wherein each of the one or more optical-to-electrical converters is implemented on an optical waveguide.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the optical waveguides are silicon waveguides.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units comprises one or more optical-to-electrical converters, the Josephson junctions and the one or more optical-to-electrical converters being implemented on a first substrate, and wherein the optical waveguides are implemented on a second different substrate.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units comprises one or more optical-to-electrical converters, and wherein the one or more optical-to-electrical converters are uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the optical signal comprises a first sequence of optical pulses at a first wavelength, and a second sequence of optical pulses at a second different wavelength, wherein the method further comprises spectrally separating the first sequence of optical pulses from the optical signal and guiding the separated first sequence of optical pulses to one or more first optical-to-electrical converter units, wherein the method further comprises guiding the second sequence of optical pulses to one or more second optical-to-electrical converter units.
11. The method according to claim 1 , comprising forming the optical signal by a method, which comprises:
distributing a primary pulse to form several secondary pulses,
guiding the several secondary pulses to propagate along different optical branches of an optical pulse generator,
forming modulated light signals by modulating the several secondary pulses propagating along the different optical branches,
delaying the modulated light signals or delaying the several secondary pulses by different delay times, and
forming the optical signal by combining the delayed modulated signals from the different optical branches.
12. The method according to claim 1 , comprising distributing the one or more sequences of optical pulses to the plurality of optical-to-electrical converters units by using the one or more spectrally selective optical distributors and silicon photonic optical transmission lines.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units are integrated directly on waveguides.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the optical signal comprises a plurality of optical pulse sequences at different wavelengths, wherein the different pulse sequences are demultiplexed from the optical signal into several different optical transmission lines by the one or more spectrally selective optical distributors.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a pulse repetition rate of the one or more sequences of optical pulses of the optical signal is higher than 50 GHz.
16. The method according to claim 1 , comprising forming the optical signal by a method, which comprises:
providing primary pulses at a repetition rate smaller than 10 GHZ,
distributing each primary pulse to form several secondary pulses,
guiding the several secondary pulses to propagate along different optical branches of an optical pulse generator,
forming modulated light signals by modulating the several secondary pulses propagating along the different optical branches,
delaying the modulated light signals or delaying the several secondary pulses by different delay times, and
forming the optical signal by combining the delayed modulated light signals from the different optical branches.
17. The method according to claim 1 , comprising generating a voltage waveform from voltage pulses of the Josephson junctions.
18. A method for generating a voltage waveform, the method comprising:
providing an optical signal, which comprises one or more sequences of optical pulses,
distributing the one or more sequences of optical pulses via optical waveguides to a plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units,
using the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to convert the one or more sequences of optical pulses into electric driving current pulses,
generating voltage pulses by driving Josephson junctions with the electric driving current pulses, and
wherein a plurality of chains of Josephson junctions are connected in series to form a combined voltage signal, wherein each chain of the plurality of chains comprises at least four Josephson junctions connected in series, wherein all Josephson junctions of each contributing chain are driven by electric driving current pulses obtained from an optical-to-electrical converter unit connected to each contributing chain, wherein a maximum length of each contributing chain is shorter than 100 μm, and wherein each contributing chain is a chain that is configured to contribute to the combined voltage signal.
19. A method for generating a voltage waveform, the method comprising:
providing an optical signal, which comprises one or more sequences of optical pulses,
distributing the one or more sequences of optical pulses via optical waveguides to a plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units,
using the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to convert the one or more sequences of optical pulses into electric driving current pulses,
generating voltage pulses by driving Josephson junctions with the electric driving current pulses; wherein spatial locations of the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units are selected such that a maximum distance for transferring electric driving current pulses from each of the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to a Josephson junction is smaller than 3 mm.
20. A method for generating a voltage waveform, the method comprising:
providing an optical signal, which comprises one or more sequences of optical pulses,
distributing the one or more sequences of optical pulses via optical waveguides to a plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units,
using the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to convert the one or more sequences of optical pulses into electric driving current pulses,
generating voltage pulses by driving Josephson junctions with the electric driving current pulses; wherein the electric driving current pulses are transmitted from the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to the Josephson junctions via electrical transmission lines, wherein lengths of each electrical transmission lines are substantially equal such that a deviation of a length of each electrical transmission line from a nominal length is smaller than 3 mm.
21. A method for generating a voltage waveform, the method comprising:
providing an optical signal, which comprises one or more sequences of optical pulses,
distributing the one or more sequences of optical pulses via optical waveguides to a plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units,
using the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to convert the one or more sequences of optical pulses into electric driving current pulses,
generating voltage pulses by driving Josephson junctions with the electric driving current pulses, wherein each of the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units comprises one or more optical-to-electrical converters, and wherein the one or more optical-to-electrical converters are plasmonic photodetectors.
22. A method for generating a voltage waveform, the method comprising:
providing an optical signal, which comprises one or more sequences of optical pulses,
distributing the one or more sequences of optical pulses via optical waveguides to a plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units,
using the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to convert the one or more sequences of optical pulses into electric driving current pulses,
generating voltage pulses by driving Josephson junctions with the electric driving current pulses, wherein each of the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units comprises one or more optical-to-electrical converters, and wherein the one or more optical-to-electrical converters are superconducting nanowire detectors configured to detect one or more of single or multiple photons.
23. A method for generating a voltage waveform, the method comprising:
providing an optical signal, which comprises one or more sequences of optical pulses,
distributing the one or more sequences of optical pulses via optical waveguides to a plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units,
using the plurality of optical-to-electrical converter units to convert the one or more sequences of optical pulses into electric driving current pulses,
generating voltage pulses by driving Josephson junctions with the electric driving current pulses, wherein the Josephson junctions are partitioned into two or more groups, wherein a first group comprises first Josephson junctions connected in series, a second group comprises second Josephson junctions connected in series, a number of Josephson junctions of the first group is different from a number of Josephson junctions of the second group, and wherein the method further comprises enabling and disabling operation of the Josephson junctions of the first group in a situation where operation of the Josephson junctions of the second group are enabled.