Positive active material, method of preparing the same, and lithium secondary battery including the same
Provided is a positive active material in which a compound containing lithium, a transition metal, and oxygen is doped with a doping metal, the positive active material including lithium (Li) layers, in which the lithium layers may include a first lithium layer including only lithium and a second lithium layer in which at least a part of the lithium of the first lithium layer is substituted with a transition metal.
1. A positive active material including lithium, a transition metal,
and oxygen, and including lithium (Li) layers and transition metal layers,
wherein the lithium layers include a first lithium layer including only lithium and a second lithium layer in which at least a part of the lithium of the first lithium layer is alternately substituted with the transition metal,
the transition metal layer includes a first transition metal layer including only the transition metal, and a second transition metal layer in which at least a part of the first transition metal layer is alternately substituted with lithium,
the second lithium layers and the second transition metal layers are alternately and repeatedly provided,
wherein:
in the second lithium layer, a half of the lithium of the first lithium layer is substituted with the transition metal,
in the second transition metal layer, a half of the transition metal of the first transition metal layer is substituted with lithium, and
the transition metal of the second lithium layer is obtained through an exchange of the transition metal of the first transition metal layer and the lithium of the second lithium layer, so that the lithium and the transition metal of the second lithium layer are alternately and repeatedly arranged, and the transition metal and the lithium of the second transition metal layer are alternately and repeatedly provided while corresponding to the lithium and the transition metal of the second lithium layer, respectively,
wherein a lattice formed by the second lithium layer and the second transition metal layer is a superlattice with an a-axis length two times an a-axis length of the lattice formed by the first lithium layer and the first transition metal layer, the superlattice consisting of a plurality of repeating units each including six lithium elements and only one transition metal element,
wherein the transition metal includes nickel, and one or more of cobalt, and manganese, thereby allowing surplus peaks to be generated within the superlattice;
wherein an a-axis of a lattice formed by the second lithium layer and the second transition metal layer includes a lattice with long-range ordering corresponding to the plurality of repeating units, and
wherein the nickel is 79 mol % or more.
2. The positive active material of claim 1 , wherein the first lithium layers and the first transition metal layers are alternately and repeatedly arranged, and the second lithium layers and the second transition metal layers are alternately and repeatedly arranged, and
a lattice formed by the second lithium layers and the second transition metal layers includes a superlattice.
3. The positive active material of claim 1 , further comprising:
a doping metal,
wherein substitution energy of the lithium and the transition metal decreases, and a life characteristic of the positive active material is improved without degradation of a charge/discharge capacity, by the doping metal, so that a part of the lithium of the first lithium layer is substituted with a transition metal to form the second lithium layer, and a part of the transition metal of the first transition metal is substituted with lithium to form the second transition metal layer.
4. The positive active material of claim 3 , wherein the doping metal includes at least one of zirconium, boron, titanium, aluminum, and tungsten.
5. The positive active material of claim 3 , wherein a concentration of at least one of nickel, cobalt, and manganese in the positive active material has a concentration gradient in at least a part of the positive active material in a direction from a center to a surface of the positive active material.
6. The positive active material of claim 1 , wherein:
as a result of an electron diffraction pattern for a zone axis or a zone axis,
a first diffraction spot group which corresponds to a lattice formed by the first lithium layer and the first transition metal layer and is formed by aligning one or more diffraction spots having relatively high strength in one direction, and a second diffraction spot group which corresponds to a lattice formed by the second lithium layer and the second transition metal layer and is formed by aligning one or more diffraction spots having relatively lower strength than the strength of the diffraction spot included in the first diffraction spot group in one direction are observed,
wherein the positive active material includes lithium, a transition metal, and oxygen, the transition metal includes nickel, and one or more of cobalt, and manganese, and the nickel is 79 mol % or more.
7. The positive active material of claim 6 , wherein in the second lithium layer, the lithium and the transition metal are alternately arranged,
in the second transition metal layer, the transition metal and the lithium are alternately arranged.
8. The positive active material of claim 6 , wherein the first diffraction spot group and the second diffraction spot group are alternately and repeatedly arranged, and
the first diffraction spot group and the second diffraction spot group are provided while being spaced apart from each other at the same interval.
9. A positive active material comprising:
lithium;
a transition metal;
oxygen;
lithium (Li) layers;
transition metal layers; and
a doping metal including boron,
wherein:
the lithium layers include a first lithium layer including only lithium and a second lithium layer in which at least a part of the lithium of the first lithium layer is alternately substituted with the transition metal,
the transition metal layer includes a first transition metal layer including only the transition metal, and a second transition metal layer in which at least a part of the first transition metal layer is alternately substituted with lithium,
the second lithium layers and the second transition metal layers are alternately and repeatedly provided,
in the second lithium layer, a half of the lithium of the first lithium layer is substituted with the transition metal,
in the second transition metal layer, a half of the transition metal of the first transition metal layer is substituted with lithium,
the transition metal of the second lithium layer is obtained through an exchange of the transition metal of the first transition metal layer and the lithium of the second lithium layer, so that the lithium and the transition metal of the second lithium layer are alternately and repeatedly arranged, and the transition metal and the lithium of the second transition metal layer are alternately and repeatedly provided while corresponding to the lithium and the transition metal of the second lithium layer, respectively,
a lattice formed by the second lithium layer and the second transition metal layer is a superlattice with an a-axis length two times an a-axis length of the lattice formed by the first lithium layer and the first transition metal layer, the superlattice consisting of a plurality of repeating units each including six lithium elements and only one transition metal element,
the transition metal includes nickel, and one or more of cobalt, and manganese, thereby allowing surplus peaks to be generated within the superlattice;
the nickel is 79 mol % or more;
an a-axis of a lattice formed by the second lithium layer and the second transition metal layer includes a lattice with long-range ordering corresponding to the plurality of repeating units, and
substitution energy of the lithium and the transition metal decreases by the doping metal.
10. A positive active material comprising:
lithium;
a transition metal;
oxygen;
lithium (Li) layers; and
transition metal layers,
wherein:
the lithium layers include a first lithium layer including only lithium and a second lithium layer in which at least a part of the lithium of the first lithium layer is alternately substituted with the transition metal,
the transition metal layer includes a first transition metal layer including only the transition metal, and a second transition metal layer in which at least a part of the first transition metal layer is alternately substituted with lithium,
the second lithium layers and the second transition metal layers are alternately and repeatedly provided,
in the second lithium layer, a half of the lithium of the first lithium layer is substituted with the transition metal,
in the second transition metal layer, a half of the transition metal of the first transition metal layer is substituted with lithium,
the transition metal of the second lithium layer is obtained through an exchange of the transition metal of the first transition metal layer and the lithium of the second lithium layer, so that the lithium and the transition metal of the second lithium layer are alternately and repeatedly arranged, and the transition metal and the lithium of the second transition metal layer are alternately and repeatedly provided while corresponding to the lithium and the transition metal of the second lithium layer, respectively,
a lattice formed by the second lithium layer and the second transition metal layer is a superlattice with an a-axis length two times an a-axis length of the lattice formed by the first lithium layer and the first transition metal layer,
the transition metal includes nickel, and one or more of cobalt, and manganese, thereby allowing surplus peaks to be generated within the superlattice;
the nickel is 79 mol % or more;
the superlattice consists of a plurality of repeating units each including six lithium elements and only one transition metal element, and
an a-axis of a lattice formed by the second lithium layer and the second transition metal layer includes a lattice with long-range ordering corresponding to the plurality of repeating units.