Lithium recovery via charging of lithium-ion batteries
An efficient and green method for selective extraction of Li from end-of-life secondary LIBs of any capacity and size is provided. Electrochemical driven selective lithium deposition is targeted at the anode/separator interface of the end-of-life LIB. The deposited Li is recovered by processing of an opened or dismantled battery using only distilled or de-ionized water. The process not only enables the recovery of the plated lithium at the anode/separator interface, but also extracts the lithium from the organic salts and/or inorganic salts in the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers and from the electrolyte in the separator. In addition, the method partially strips the cyclable Li from the cathode and concentrates it at the anode/separator interface. The concentrated Li is extracted by using aqueous solution such as distilled or de-ionized water followed by recovery of the Li from aqueous solution. After Li recovery from the anode, the method can also enable the recovery of battery-grade graphite.
1. A recycling method for selective extraction of lithium from a lithium ion battery which has an anode, a cathode, and a separator in a battery casing, comprising the steps of:
electrochemically driving lithium to selectively concentrate Li lithium by electrochemical lithium plating at an anode/separator interface of the lithium ion battery,
contacting at least the anode and the separator with an aqueous medium after the battery casing is opened or removed to dissolve the lithium concentrated at the anode/separator interface into aqueous solution, and
recovering one or more lithium-containing salts from the aqueous solution.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the anode/separator interface includes an anode surface and adjacent SEI layer(s) at the anode/separator interface between the anode surface and the separator so that metallic lithium plating is dissolved into aqueous solution.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein lithium from inorganic salts and/or organic salts of SEI layer(s) and from electrolyte in the separator is dissolved in aqueous solution.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrochemically driving strips cyclable lithium from the cathode and concentrates it at the anode/separator interface.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrochemically driving occurs by charging the lithium ion battery at a charging rate of 1C to 5C.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the battery casing is opened or removed and the anode, the separator, and the cathode are contacted with the aqueous medium.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein insoluble metallic battery components including metallic current collectors are recovered from the aqueous solution.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the battery casing is opened or removed and then the anode and separator are separated from the cathode and contacted with the aqueous medium.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the cathode is separated and contacted with the aqueous medium.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous medium comprises distilled water or de-ionized water.
11. The method of claim 1 including the further step of recovering graphite of the anode from the aqueous solution.
12. The method of claim 11 that includes separating the graphite from metallic anode substrate.
13. The method of claim 1 which is conducted while applying a mechanical compressive load to the lithium battery.
14. The method of claim 1 which is conducted at a sub-ambient temperature.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the sub-ambient temperature is about 25 degrees C. or less.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the anode, separator, and/or cathode are submerged in the aqueous medium.