IP Library Granted Patent US 12,377,060
Granted Patent B2
US 12,377,060 · App. 18/215,989 · Granted Aug 5, 2025

Methods and compositions for preventing or treating tissue calcification

Inventors: James A. Tumlin (Lawrenceville, GA); Paul L. Darke (Hingham, MA); John M. Rudey (New York, NY)
Assignee: Epizon Pharma, Inc.
A61K31/122A61K9/0053A61K31/05A61K31/22A61K31/366A61P3/10A61P3/14A61P13/12A61P43/00A61K45/06A61K2300/00
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,377,060
App. No.
18/215,989
Granted
Aug 5, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

The invention provides methods and compositions for preventing or treating (e.g., slowing the progression of, arresting, and/or reversing) tissue calcification in a subject in need thereof and, more particularly, the invention relates to methods of using menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and/or menaquinol-7 (MKH2-7) for preventing or treating (e.g., slowing the progression of, arresting, and/or reversing) tissue calcification in a subject with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, end stage renal failure, or a subject undergoing hemodialysis and/or receiving anticoagulant therapy. The invention further provides methods and compositions for reducing one or more symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), including using menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and/or menaquinol-7 (MKH2-7), for preventing or treating (e.g., slowing the progression of, arresting, and/or reversing) one or more symptoms of COPD.

Claims (30)

1. A method of treating tissue calcification in a pre-diabetic subject or a subject with diabetes, chronic kidney disease or a combination thereof, and in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject at least 2 mg of menaquinol-7 (MKH2-7) per day, wherein the MKH2-7 is a compound of the formula:

whereupon the administration of the MKH2-7: (i) increases a plasma level of Fetuin A relative to the plasma level of Fetuin A prior to administration; or (ii) decreases a plasma level of Highly Sensitive C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) relative to the plasma level of hs-CRP prior to administration.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has diabetes, type II diabetes, or has been diagnosed as pre-diabetic.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has chronic kidney disease.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease/end stage renal disease.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is receiving non-warfarin-based anti-coagulant therapy.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the anti-coagulation therapy comprises an inhibitor of Factor Xa activity or Factor IIa activity.

7. A method of treating tissue calcification in a subject with stage 5 chronic kidney disease and undergoing oral, non-warfarin-based anticoagulant therapy, and in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising menaquinol-7 (MKH2-7) per-day, thereby to treat tissue calcification in the subject, wherein the MKH2-7 is administered in a pharmaceutical composition; and whereupon the administration of the MKH2-7:

(i) increases a plasma level of Fetuin A relative to the plasma level of Fetuin A prior to administration; or

(ii) decreases a plasma level of Highly Sensitive C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) relative to the plasma level of hs-CRP prior to administration; and where the MKH2-7 is:

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the subject is diabetic or has been diagnosed as pre-diabetic.

9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the subject has end stage renal disease.

10. The method of claim 7 , whereupon administration of the MKH2-7 to the subject increases the subject's serum T50 value relative to the subject's serum T50 value prior to administration of the MKH2-7.

11. The method of claim 7 , wherein administration of the MKH2-7:

(a) increases a ratio of a carboxylated to a non-carboxylated of a Vitamin K dependent protein; or

(b) decreases an amount of a non-carboxylated Vitamin K dependent protein in plasma of the subject relative to the ratio or amount present prior to administration of the MKH2-7.

12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the Vitamin K-dependent protein is selected from Matrix Gla Protein, Growth Arrest Specific Gene 6 (Gas-6) protein, PIVKA-II protein, osteocalcin, activated Protein C, or activated Protein S.

13. The method of claim 4 , wherein, when the subject has a dermal lesion and/or a vascular lesion, the administration of the MKH2-7 reduces the size of the dermal and/or vascular lesion.

14. A method of treating tissue calcification in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject menaquinol-7 (MKH2-7) daily, wherein the MKH2-7 is administered in a pharmaceutical composition, so as to cause at least one of the following:

(i) increase the subject's serum T50 value relative to the subject's serum T50 value prior to administration of the MKH2-7;

(ii) increase a ratio of a carboxylated to a non-carboxylated form of a Vitamin K-dependent protein in the subject's plasma relative to the ratio prior to administration of the MKH2-7;

(iii) increase the plasma level of Fetuin A relative to the plasma concentration of Fetuin A prior to administration of the MKH2-7; or

(iv) decrease the plasma level of D-Dimer or Highly Sensitive C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) relative to the plasma concentration of D-Dimer or Highly Sensitive C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) prior to administration of the MKH2-7, thereby to treat tissue calcification in the subject; and where the MKH2-7 is:

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the subject:

(i) has diabetes or has been diagnosed as pre-diabetic;

(ii) has chronic kidney disease; or

(iii) is undergoing hemodialysis.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the composition is administered orally.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the composition is administered in liquid form.

18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the composition is administered in a capsule or soft gel formulation.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Sep 24, 2023
From: TUMLIN, JAMES A.; DARKE, PAUL L.; RUDEY, JOHN M.
To: EPIZON PHARMA, INC.
Reel/Frame 065003/0695 →
Continuity (6)
Continuation 17317488 · May 11, 2021
Continuation 17100256 · Nov 20, 2020
Continuation 16817347 · Mar 12, 2020
Continuation 16435241 · Jun 7, 2019
Provisional Application 62682796 · Jun 8, 2018
Related Publication 20240009144A1 · Jan 11, 2024
References Cited (132)
US 9012693B2 · Skattebol et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9512153B2 · Moller et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 10159787B2 · Papiorek · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10368858B1 · Nadim · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10688064B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10736858B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10744101B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10744102B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10874623B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10925838B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 10940123B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 10987320B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11033515B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11065212B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11723882B2 · Tumlin et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20050123603A1 · Dalland et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050176778A1 · Vermeer · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20150031651A1 · Moller et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160184254A1 · Aukrust et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20180066326A1 · Bianchi et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180199610A1 · Vermeer · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190374483A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190374484A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200206158A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200206159A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200222337A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200306206A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200306207A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200306208A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200360301A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210093584A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210378987A1 · Tumlin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
EP 1728507A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008006607A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010034999A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012059942A2 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013128037A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014191466A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016131993A2 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019021232A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/435,230, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,736,858, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Jun. 7, 2019. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/902,701, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,925,838, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Jun. 16, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/902,705, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,065,212, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Jun. 16, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 17/349,663, US 2021/0378987, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Jun. 16, 2021. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/231,035, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Aug. 7, 2023. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/902,709, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,987,320, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Jun. 16, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/435,241, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,688,064, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Tissue Calcification, filed Jun. 7, 2019. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/817,347, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,874,623, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Mar. 12, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/817,363, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,744,101, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Mar. 12, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/817,374, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,744,102, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Mar. 12, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/944,479, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,940,123, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calciphylaxis, filed Jul. 31, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 17/100,256, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,033,515, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calcification, filed Nov. 20, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 17/317,488, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,723,882, Methods and Compositions for Preventing or Treating Calcification, filed May 11, 2021. [cited by applicant]
M.Angelis et al., “Calcifylaxis in patients on hemodialysis: A prevalence study” Researchgate; Surgery, 1083-1090, 1997. [cited by applicant]
S. Bhambri et al., “Calciphylaxis: A Review; Clinical aesthetic” Jul. 2008, vol. 1, No. 21. [cited by applicant]
V. M. Brandenberg et al., “Lack of Evidence does not justify neglect: how can we address unmet medical need in calciphylaxis?” Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2016, 0; 1-8. [cited by applicant]
M.N. Budisvljevic., “Calciphylaxis in Chronic Renal Failure” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 7, No. 7, 978-982, 1996. [cited by applicant]
H.C. Buitenhuis et al., “Comparison of the vitamins K1, K2 and K3 as cofactors for the hepatic vitamin K” Biochemica et Biphysica Acta, 1034 (1990) 170-175, Elsevier Science. [cited by applicant]
R. Caluwe et al., “Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: a randomized dose-finding study” Nephrol Dial Transplant (2014) 29: 1385-1390, Oxford University Press. [cited by applicant]
D. J. Card et al., “Vitamin K metabolism: Current knowledge and future research” Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014, 58, 1590-1600; Wlleay-VCH Verlag GmBJ & Co, Weinheim. [cited by applicant]
M. Caspers et al., “Two enzymes catalyze vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase activity in mouse: VKORC1 is highly expressed in exocrine tissues while VKORC1L1 is highly expressed in brain” Thrombosis Research, 135 (2015) 977… [cited by applicant]
M. L. L. Chatrou et al., “Role of vitamin K-dependent proteins in the arterial vessel wall” Hamostaseologie Apr. 2011, 251-257. [cited by applicant]
P. Delanaye et al., “Dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla protein concentration is predictive of vitamin K status and is correlated with vascular calcification in a cohort of hemodialysis patients” BMC Nephrol BMC… [cited by applicant]
A. D'Ordorico et al. “Quinone-induced DNA single strand breaks in human colon carcinoma cell line” Carcinogeneisis, vol. 18, No. 1, 43-46, 1997. [cited by applicant]
P. Dowd et al., “The mechanism of action of vitamin K” Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1995, 15:419-440. [cited by applicant]
K. Z. Edson et al., “Cytochrome P450-Dependent Catabolismof Vitamin K: w-Hydroxylation catalysed by Human CYP4F2 and CYP4F11” Biochemistry, 2013, 52(46), 8276-8285. [cited by applicant]
Bresson et al., “Vitamin K added for nutritinal purposes in food for particular for nutritional uses, food supplement and foods intended for the general population” Scientific Opinion, The EFSA, 822, 1-31. [cited by applicant]
N. Emaus et alL., “Vitamin K2 supplementation does not influence bone loss in early menopausal women: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial” Osteroperosis Int. 2010, 21, 1731-1740. [cited by applicant]
L. Forli et al., “Dietary vitamin K2 Supplement improve bone status after lung and heart transplantation” Transplantation, vol. 89, No. 4, 458-464. [cited by applicant]
C. G. M. Gast et al., “A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease” Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 2008, 1-7, Elsevier. [cited by applicant]
J. Himmelfarb., “Plasma protein thiol oxidation and carbonyl formation in chronic renal failure” Kidney International, vol. 58, 2000, 2571-2578. [cited by applicant]
R. M. Holden et al., “Vitamins K and D Status in Stages 3-5 Chronic Kidney Disease”, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. Apr. 2010; 5(4): 590-597. [cited by applicant]
D. Hollander et al., “Vitamin K2 absorption by rat everted small intestinal sacs, American Journal of Physiology” vol. 231, No. 2, 1976, 415-419. [cited by applicant]
D. Hollander et al., “Vitamin K2 colonic and ileal in vivo absorption: bile, fatty acids, and pH effects on transport” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 233, No. 2E, pp. 124-E130 (1997). [cited by applicant]
T. Inoue et al., “Randomized controlled study on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures” Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 2009, 27, 66-75. [cited by applicant]
Y. Ishida et al., “Comparative efficacy of hormone replacement therapy, etidronate, calcitonin, alfacalcidol, and vitamin K in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: The Yamaguchi Osteoporosis Prevention Study” Am. J. … [cited by applicant]
J. Iuwamoto et al., “Effect of combined administration of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis” J. Orthop. Sci, 2000, 5; 546-551. [cited by applicant]
D. T. Janigan., “Calcified subcutaneous arterioles with infarcts of the subcutis and skin (“calciphylaxis”) in chronic renal failure” American Journ. of Kidney Diseases, vol. 35, No. 4, 2000, 588-597. [cited by applicant]
M. Kaneki et al., “Japanese fermented soybean food as the major determinant of the large geographic difference in circulating levels of vitamin K2: possible implications for hip-fracture risk” Nutrition, 2001, 17: 315-3… [cited by applicant]
M.H.J. Knapen., “Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal women” Osteoporosis Int. 2007, 18, 963-972. [cited by applicant]
M.H.J. Knapen., “Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women” Osteoporosis Int. 2013, 24, 2499-2507. [cited by applicant]
I. Kurnatowska et al., “Effect of vitamin K2 on progression of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3-5” Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej, 2015, Onlin… [cited by applicant]
N. New., “Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy in Peritoneal Dialysis Populations” Intern. J. Nephrology, vol. 2011, Article ID 982854, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
S. U. Nigwekar et al., “A National Representative Study of Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy Risk Factors” J Am Soc Nephrol, Clinical Research, 27, 2016, 3421-3429. [cited by applicant]
S. U. Nigwekar et al., “Quantifying a rare disease in administrative data: the example of calciphylaxis” JGIM Online, Jul. 17, 2014, S924-S931. [cited by applicant]
R. U. Pliquett et al., “Calciphylaxis in chronic, non-dialysis-dependent renal disease” BMC Nephrology, 2003, 4:8. [cited by applicant]
P.A. Price et al., “Conserved phosphorylation of serines in the Ser-X-Glu/Ser(P) sequences of the vitamin K-dependent matrix Gla protein from shark, lamb, rat, cow, and human” Protein Science, 1994, 3:822-830. [cited by applicant]
Y. Purwosunu et al., “Vitamin K2 treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia” Journal of Obstet and Gynaecol Res, vol. 32, No. 2, 230-234, 2006. [cited by applicant]
M.A. Rishavy et al., “Novel Insight into the Mechanism of the Vitamin K Oxidoreductase (VKOR)” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, No. 9, 7267-7278, 2011. [cited by applicant]
T. Sato et al., “Comparison of meanquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women” Nitrition Journal, 2012, 11:93. [cited by applicant]
L. J. Schurgers et al., “Differential lipoptotein transport pathways of K-vitamins in healthy subjects” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1570 (2002) 27-32. [cited by applicant]
L. J. Schurgers et al., “Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7” Blood, 2007, 109: 3279-3283. [cited by applicant]
L. J. Schurgers et al., “Regression of warfarin-induced medial elastocalcinosis by high intake of vitamin K in rats” Blood, 2007, 109:2823-2831. [cited by applicant]
M.J. Shearer et al., “Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K” Thromb Haemost 2008, 100:530-547. [cited by applicant]
M.J. Shearer et al., “Vitamin K Nutrition, Metabolism, and Requirements: Current Concepts and Future Research” Adv. Nutr. 3:182-195, 2012. [cited by applicant]
M.J. SHearer et al., “Recent trends in the metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K with special reference to vitamin K cycling and MK-4 biosynthesis” J. Lipids Res., 2014, 55:345-362. [cited by applicant]
M. Shiraki et al., “Vitamin K2 (Menatetrenone) Effectively Prevents Fractures and Sustains Lumbar Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis” Journ. of Bone and Mineral Resarch, 2000, 15:515-521. [cited by applicant]
A. Siltari et al., “Effects of vitamin K-1 and menaquinone-7 on vascular function and blood pressure in warfarin-induced calcification-model in rats” Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 2014, 5, 1095-1105. [cited by applicant]
K. M. Sowers et al., “Calcific Uremic arteriolopathy, Oxidative Medicne and Cellular Longevity” 3:2, 109-212, 2010. [cited by applicant]
T. Ushiroyama et al., “Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women” Maturitas 41 (2002) 211-221. [cited by applicant]
C. Vermeer., “Vitamin K: the effect on health beyond coagulation—an overview” Food & Nutrition Research, 2012, 56:5329. [cited by applicant]
L. E. T. Vissers et al.,“ Intake Dietary Phylloquinone and Menaquinones and Risk of Stroke” J. Am. Heart Asoc. 2013, 2:e000455. [cited by applicant]
L. M. Vossen et al., “Menaquinone-7 Supplementation to Reduce Vascular Calcification in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: Rationale and Study Protocol (VitaK-CAC Trial)” Nutrients, 2015, 7, 8905-8915. [cited by applicant]
B. Walther et al., “Menaquinones, bacteria, and the food supply: the relevance of dairy and fermented food products to vitamin K requirements” Adv. Butr. 4: 463-473, 2013. [cited by applicant]
R. Westenfeld et al., “Effect of Vitamin K2 Supplementation on Functional Vitamin K Deficiency in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Trial” Am. J. Kidney Dis. 59(2): 186-195, 2012. [cited by applicant]
W. A. Wilmer et al., “Caciphylaxis: Emergin Concepts in Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment, Seminars in dialysis” vol. 15, No. 3, 2002, pp. 172-186. [cited by applicant]
U. Wollina., “Update on Cutaneous Calciphylaxis” Indian J. Dermatol, 2013, 58(2): 87-92. [cited by applicant]
A. S. Yalin et al., “Calciphylaxis: A Report of Six Cases and Review of Literature, Renal Failure” 2013, 35(1): 163-169. [cited by applicant]
S. Scheiber et al., “High-Dose Menaquinone-7 Supplementation Reduces Cardiovascular Calcification in a Murine Model of Extraosseous Calcification” Nutrients 2015, 7, 6991-7011. [cited by applicant]
Y. Li et al., “Effect of Vitamin K2 on Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review; Diabetese Research and Clinical Practice” 136, 2018, 39-51. [cited by applicant]
C. Qiu et al., “Vitamin K2 inhibits rat vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by restoring the Gas6/Axl/Akt anti-apoptotic pathway” Molecular Cell Biochem., 2017, 433: 149-159. [cited by applicant]
L. Kovell., “Lipid management guidelines for adults with chronic kidney disease” American College of Cardiology, Expert Analysis, 2016. [cited by applicant]
S. Hughes et al., “Anticoagulation in chronic kidney disease patients—the practical aspects” Clin. Kidney J., 2014, 7:442-449. [cited by applicant]
Levy., “Potential treatment of calciphylaxis with vitamin K2: Comment on the article by Jacobs-Kosmin and DeHoratius,” Arthritis Care & Research 57(8): 1575-1576 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Riegert-Johnson et al. “Calciphylaxis associated with cholangiocarcinoma treated with low-molecular-weight heparin and vitamin K,” Mayo Clin Proc. 76(7):749-52 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Gheduzzt, D. et al. “Matrix Gla protein is involved in elastic fiber calcification in the dermis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients” Laboratory Investigation vol. 87, pp. 998-1008 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Vik, A.B. “Vitamin K2 and arterial calcification” Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech (2008) vol. 19 No. 6, pp. 9-13. [cited by applicant]
Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority in PCT/US2019/036139, issued Aug. 14, 2019, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report in PCT/US2019/036139, issued Aug. 14, 2019, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority in PCT/US2019/036138, issued Aug. 14, 2019, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report in PCT/US2019/036138, issued Aug. 14, 2019, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
Pross et al. “Rat and human aortic smooth muscle cells display differing migration and matrix metalloproteinase activities in response to dexamethasone” (2002) J. Vascl. Surg. 35; 1253-1259. [cited by applicant]
Piscaer et al. (2019) “Low Vitamin K Status Is Associated with Increased Elastin Degradation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,” J. Clin. Med. 8, 1116-1130. [cited by applicant]
Rabinovich et al., “Circulating desmosine levels do not predict emphysema progression but are associated with cardiovascular risk and mortality in COPD” European Respiratory Journal 47: 1365-1373 (2016). [cited by applicant]
Piscaer et al., (2017) “Vitamin K deficiency: the linking pln between COPD and cardiovascular diseases?” Resp. Res. 18:189. 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Daniells (2015, pp. 1-3, downloaded from the internet on Nov. 9, 2022, URL: <https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2015/05/20/Should-vitamin-K2-also-be-recommended-for-statin-users>). [cited by applicant]
Christiadi et al. (2018) “Calciphylaxis in a dialysis patient successfully treated with high-dose vitamin K supplementation,” Clinical Kidney Journal 11(4):528-529. [cited by applicant]
Kurnatowska et al. (2016) “Plasma Desphospho-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein as a Marker of Kidney Damage and Cardiovascular Risk in Advanced Stage of Chronic Kidney Disease,” Kidney Blood Press Res 41:231-239. [cited by applicant]
Jiang et al. (2015) “Effect of Vitamin K on Theaortic Artery Calcification in Experimental Rats” Chinese Circulation Journal 30(11) Serial No. 209: 1101-1105. [cited by applicant]
Aoun et al. (2017) “High Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated MGP in Hemodialysis patients: risk factors and response to Vitamin K2, A pre-post intervention clinical trial,” BMC Nephrology, 18:191, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Stompor et al. (2014) “Coronary artery calcification in chronic kidney disease: An update,” World Journal of Cardiology 6(4):115-129. [cited by applicant]
Ravishankar et al. (2014) “Safety assessment of menaquinone-7 for use in human nutrition,” Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 23:99-108. [cited by applicant]