Efficient and selective conversion of high-density polyethylene into valuable hydrocarbons
A highly active and selective solid catalyst comprising stable single-atom iridium (Ir) anchored in a zeolite, e.g., ZSM-5, for upcycling of plastics, such as high-density polyethylene, to yield valuable lower molecular weight hydrocarbon products is disclosed.
1. A catalyst comprising iridium and an HZSM-5 zeolite, wherein the catalyst comprises one or more single-atom iridium sites confined in the HZSM-5 zeolite, and wherein the catalyst comprises an iridium loading of between about 0.05 wt % iridium to about 0.25 wt % of iridium.
2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises an iridium loading selected from the group consisting of 0.05 wt % and 0.25 wt %.
3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is substantially free of iridium clusters or iridium ensembles.
4. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is substantially free of iridium-iridium metal bonds.
5. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the iridium bonds with one or more oxygen atoms in a lattice comprising the HZSM-5 zeolite.
6. The catalyst of claim 5 , wherein the catalyst has an average coordination number of oxygen atoms to iridium of about 4.21±0.47.
7. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the HZSM-5 zeolite comprises a Si/Al ratio of about 11.5.
8. A process for converting a plastic into one or more lower-molecular weight hydrocarbons, the process comprising:
(a) providing a metal-exchanged zeolite catalyst;
(b) contacting the plastic and metal-exchanged zeolite catalyst in a fixed-bed flow reactor in a stream of hydrogen/nitrogen gas wherein the plastic and the metal-exchanged zeolite catalyst are packed in one of a (i) mixed configuration and the lower-molecular weight hydrocarbons comprise one or more C 2 -C 7 hydrocarbons; or (ii) layer-by-layer configuration and the lower-molecular weight hydrocarbons comprise one or more C 2 -C 10 hydrocarbons; and
(c) collecting the one or more lower-molecular weight hydrocarbons.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the plastic comprises a thermoplastic.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the thermoplastic is selected from the group consisting of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and mixtures thereof.
11. The process of claim 8 , wherein the metal-exchanged zeolite catalyst comprises a transition metal.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pt, Pd, Ir, Au, Ag, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Mo, and W.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein the contacting is conducted at a temperature is from about 350° C. to about 400° C.
14. The process of claim 11 , wherein the transition metal is Ir.
15. The process of claim 8 , wherein the metal-exchanged zeolite comprises a zeolite selected from the group consisting of clinoptilolite, chabazite, phillipsite, mordenite, analcime, heulandite, natrolite, and stilbite.
16. The process of claim 8 , wherein the metal-exchanged zeolite comprises a zeolite selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, SSZ-13, and mordenite.
17. The process of claim 8 , wherein the mixed configuration further comprises quartz sands mixed with the plastic and the metal-exchanged zeolite catalyst.
18. The process of claim 8 , wherein the layer-by-layer configuration comprises a layer of plastic and a layer of metal-exchanged zeolite catalyst, wherein the layer of plastic and layer of metal-exchanged zeolite catalyst are separated by a layer of quartz sand.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the plastic comprises high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
20. The process of claim 8 , wherein the layer-by-layer configuration results in a tandem reaction comprising separate pyrolysis of the plastic and catalytic hydrocracking of the plastic.
21. The process of claim 8 , wherein the contacting is conducted at a temperature from about 250° C. to about 450° C.
22. The process of claim 8 , wherein the contacting is carried out for a time period from about 0.5 hours to about 3 hours.
23. The process of claim 8 , wherein the contacting is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
24. The process of claim 8 , wherein the one or more C 2 -C 7 hydrocarbons comprise about 45% to about 55% C 5 hydrocarbons.
25. The process of claim 8 , wherein the one or more C 2 -C 10 hydrocarbons comprise about 55% to about 65% C 8 hydrocarbons.
26. The process of claim 25 , wherein the C 8 hydrocarbons comprise about 96% xylene and structural isomers thereof.
27. The process of claim 8 , wherein the hydrogen/nitrogen gas comprises about a 5% hydrogen/95% nitrogen mixture.
28. The process of claim 8 , further comprising collecting the one or more lower-molecular weight hydrocarbons in a gas/liquid separation unit.
29. The process of claim 28 , wherein the gas/liquid separation unit further comprises a heat exchanger network.
30. The process of claim 29 , further comprising capturing heat released from the gas/liquid separation unit via heat exchange with the heat exchanger network and an inlet stream of hydrogen gas.
31. The process of claim 8 , further comprising capturing residual hydrogen/nitrogen gas and recycling it for reuse in the fixed-bed flow reactor.
32. The process of claim 8 , wherein metal-exchanged zeolite catalyst comprises iridium and an HZSM-5 zeolite, wherein the catalyst comprises one or more single-atom iridium sites confined in the HZSM-5 zeolite, and wherein the catalyst comprises an iridium loading of between about 0.05 wt % iridium to about 0.25 wt % of iridium.