Nanostructured lithium-ion battery electrode composite materials via conformal graphene dispersion
An electrode for a lithium-ion battery includes a substrate; and a composite deposited on the substrate, wherein the composite comprises layered graphene comprising mono-, bi- and n-layered graphene, wherein n is an integer selected from 3-about 6; and nanoparticles of a material selected from a cathode active material and an anode active material, wherein the surface of each of said nanoparticles is coupled to and conformally coated with said layered graphene, and wherein said layered graphene is not graphene oxide and is not reduced graphene oxide.
1. An electrode for a lithium-ion battery, comprising:
a substrate; and
a composite deposited on the substrate, wherein the composite comprises nanoparticles of a material and layered graphene, wherein the layered graphene comprises mono-, bi- and n-layered graphene, wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 6; and wherein said material is selected from a cathode active material and an anode active material,
wherein said layered graphene is not graphene oxide and is not reduced graphene oxide, and
wherein said nanoparticles are evenly mixed with said few-layered graphene, and individual said nanoparticles, rather than multi-particulates, are conformally coated with a combination of said few-layered graphene and an annealation product of an ethyl cellulose that comprises amorphous carbon with sp2-carbon content, such that Raman spectroscopy of said composite has a peak at 2D-band.
2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein said cathode active material is selected from lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese iron phosphate, lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium manganese nickel oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium-rich manganese-rich oxides, lithium manganese dioxide, lithium iron disulfide and lithium carbon monofluoride.
3. The electrode of claim 2 , wherein said cathode active material is LMO.
4. The electrode of claim 3 , wherein said nanoparticles comprise a spinel LMO structure.
5. The electrode of claim 3 , wherein a packing density of said LMO is greater than 2.0 g cm −3 .
6. The electrode of claim 3 , wherein said LMO is at least 80 wt. % of said composite.
7. The electrode of claim 3 , wherein said composite has a volumetric energy density between 800 and 1200 Wh L −1 at 0.2 C current rate.
8. The electrode of claim 7 , wherein the volumetric energy density of said composite is 1030 Wh L −1 at 0.2 C current rate.
9. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein said anode active material is selected from lithium titanate, natural graphite, artificial graphite, activated carbon, carbon black, and silicon.
10. A lithium-ion battery, comprising an electrode of claim 1 .
11. The lithium-ion battery of claim 10 , having a capacity retention of 95% after 350 cycles at 1 C current rate at 25° C.
12. The lithium-ion battery of claim 10 , having voltage plateaus for charge/discharge cycles that remain at constant positions.
13. The lithium-ion battery of claim 10 , having equivalent rate capabilities at 25° C. and 0° C. up to 6 C, with only differences at 8 C and 10 C.
14. The lithium-ion battery of claim 10 , at −20° C., retaining 96% of its room-temperature capacity at 0.2 C, in addition to retaining high rate capability at 0° C.