Methods for fabricating modular hydrogels from macromolecules with orthogonal physico-chemical responsivity
Despite the significant advances in designing injectable bulk hydrogels, the inability to control the pore interconnectivity and decoupling it from the matrix stiffness has tremendously limited the applicability of stiff, flowable hydrogels for 3D cellular engineering. To address this problem, we developed a universal method to convert macromolecules and the like with orthogonal chemical and/or physical responsivity, e.g., thermosensitive macromolecules with chemically-crosslinkable moieties, into annealable building blocks, forming 3D microporous beaded scaffolds in a bottom-up approach. For example, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), a widely used biomaterial in tissue engineering, may be converted into physically-crosslinked microbeads using a facile microfluidic approach, followed by flow of the microbead slurry and chemical crosslinking in situ to fabricate microporous beaded GelMA (B-GelMA) scaffolds with interconnected pores, promoting cell functionality and rapid (within minutes) 3D seeding in stiff scaffolds, which are otherwise impossible in the bulk gel counterparts.
1. A method of forming a hydrogel at a predetermined site comprising:
(a) performing a precursor formation process on a composition comprising macromolecules having crosslinkable moieties disposed within a liquid;
(b) incubating the liquid so that the macromolecules are physically crosslinked so as to form a gel emulsion;
(c) disrupting the gel emulsion so that the liquid comprises an aqueous phase without coalescence;
(d) delivering the disrupted gel emulsion to the site;
(e) chemically crosslinking the disrupted gel emulsion in situ so as to form a hydrogel at the site;
wherein at least one of steps (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) is performed at a temperature below 10° C.;
the hydrogel forms a beaded hydrogel scaffold having interconnected pores; and
the beaded hydrogel scaffold exhibits a compression modulus of at least 10 kPa.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the precursor formation process is a microfluidic process or an emulsification process; and
the liquid comprises water, an oil and optionally a surfactant.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the method includes purifying a beaded hydrogel scaffold precursor composition from the oil and the surfactant so as to form an aqueous solution prior to chemical crosslinking, wherein said purifying occurs at a temperature below 10° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method includes combining the disrupted gel emulsion with a crosslinking initiator prior to chemical crosslinking.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein fluid flow in the microfluidic process are controlled so as to form hydrogel beads having a median diameter from about 70 μm to about 115 μm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the macromolecule comprises:
a methacryloyl moiety; and/or
a peptide coupled to the macromolecule.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the macromolecule comprises a polypeptide.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the macromolecule comprises a hyaluronic acid, an ethylene glycol, a gelatin, a collagen, an elastin or a fibroin.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the site at which the disrupted gel emulsion is delivered is modulated to be lower than 20° C.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising seeding mammalian cells within pores in the beaded hydrogel scaffold.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the mammalian cells exhibit an increasing rate of metabolic activity at 5 days post seeding.
12. The method of claim 1 , the macromolecule comprises a gelatin methacryloyl composition.