Apparatuses and methods for producing nanoparticles from material in working liquid

1. An apparatus for producing nanoparticles of a material in a working liquid, comprising:

one or more inlets for introducing the working liquid, the material, or a combination thereof into the apparatus;

a core for accelerating the working liquid and the material, wherein the core comprises:

a first cylinder comprising:

a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface; and

a plurality of first through holes extending from the radially inner surface to the radially outer surface of the first cylinder;

a second cylinder comprising:

a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface; and

a plurality of second through holes extending from the radially inner surface to the radially outer surface of the second cylinder;

wherein the second cylinder radially surrounds the first cylinder;

wherein each of the first through holes and the second through holes have a smaller cross-section at the radially inner surface than at the radially outer surface; and

one or more drives for rotating the first cylinder, the second cylinder, or a combination thereof.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of first through holes, the plurality of second through holes, or a combination thereof each have a substantially elliptical cross-section.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of first through holes, the plurality of second through holes, or a combination thereof comprise a first side edge and a second side edge in a cross-section perpendicular to an axial direction of the first cylinder and the second cylinder, and wherein the first side edge is curved and the second side edge is straight.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the plurality of first through holes are arranged in first circumferential rows and at least some of the plurality of second through holes are arranged in second circumferential rows, wherein one or more of the first circumferential rows have a same axial position as one or more of the second circumferential rows.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the first and second circumferential rows have a constant pitch within a row.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first cylinder and the second cylinder have a radial separation of 10 microns to 1 cm.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a distance between each of the plurality of second through holes is larger than a distance between each of the plurality of first through holes.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a third cylinder, comprising:

a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface; and

a plurality of third through holes extending from the radially inner surface to the radially outer surface;

wherein the third cylinder surrounds the second cylinder; and

wherein the plurality of third through holes have a smaller cross-section of at the radially inner surface than at the radially outer surface.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first cylinder further comprises a plurality of grinding balls.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a separator system for separating the material from the working liquid.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a collection system for collecting the nanoparticles of the material.