Process for removing hydrogen sulfide from sour gases
A process for removing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) from a H 2 S-containing gas composition includes charging a liquid to a reactor under continuous agitation and dispersing particles of a graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite in the liquid to form a graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture. The method further includes introducing the H 2 S-containing gas composition to the reactor containing the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture under continuous agitation and passing the H 2 S-containing gas composition through the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture. In addition, the method includes adsorbing the H 2 S from the H 2 S-containing gas composition onto the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite to remove the H 2 S from the H 2 S-containing gas composition and form a purified gas composition.
1. A process for removing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) from a H 2 S-containing gas composition, comprising:
charging a liquid to a reactor under continuous agitation;
dispersing particles of a graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite in the liquid to form a graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture;
continuously agitating the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture;
introducing the H 2 S-containing gas composition to the reactor containing the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture under continuous agitation and passing the H 2 S-containing gas composition through the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture;
adsorbing the H 2 S from the H 2 S-containing gas composition onto the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite to remove the H 2 S from the H 2 S-containing gas composition and form a purified gas composition;
further comprising supporting a mixed-metal hydroxide on a graphene support to form the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite by:
dispersing the graphene support in a first liquid and sonicating to form a first suspension;
mixing and dissolving NaOH and Na 2 CO 3 in a second liquid to form a first solution;
adjusting a pH value of the first suspension to 10 with the first solution;
mixing and dissolving a first metal salt, a second metal salt, and a third metal salt in a third liquid to form a mixed-metal salt solution;
simultaneously drop-wise adding and mixing the first solution and the mixed-metal salt solution to the first suspension to form a crude mixture, wherein the pH value of the crude mixture is kept within 10-12; and
heating and drying the crude mixture to form the graphene supported mixed-metal composite.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite comprises at least two metals selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Ti, Pb, Cd, and Hg.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite comprises at least one mixed-metal hydroxide selected from the group consisting of a zinc-iron-aluminum (ZnFeAl) hydroxide, a manganese-iron-aluminum (MnFeAl) hydroxide, a cobalt-iron-aluminum (CoFeAl) hydroxide, and a copper-iron-aluminum (CuFeAl) hydroxide.
4. The process of claim 2 , wherein the particles of the mixed-metal hydroxide have a mean particle size in a range of 5 to 150 nm.
5. The process of claim 2 , wherein the mixed-metal hydroxide is supported on at least one support selected from the group consisting of a graphene-based material, an alumina, a carbon nanotube, an activated carbon, a metal organic framework (MOF), a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), and a covalent organic polymer (COP).
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite has a delaminated structure comprising charged crystalline particles, in which a distance between laminated layers is in a range of 0.5 to 5 nm.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite comprises at least one graphene-based material selected from the group consisting of graphene, graphyne, graphydiyne, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and exfoliated graphite.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein a weight ratio of the mixed-metal hydroxide to the graphene support of the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite is from 20:1 to 1:20.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the liquid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of tap water, ground water, distilled water, deionized water, saltwater, hard water, fresh water, and wastewater.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is a stirred tank reactor in the form of a vertical cylindrical reactor containing at least one propeller agitator disposed therein, wherein the vertical cylindrical reactor has a bottom portion, a vertically oriented cylindrical body portion and a top portion, wherein the bottom portion is cone shaped or pyramidal, wherein a plurality of recirculation tubes fluidly connects the bottom portion of the vertical cylindrical reactor with the body portion of the vertical cylindrical reaction.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the H 2 S-containing gas composition is natural gas.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the H 2 S-containing gas composition further comprises at least one gas selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, methane, ethane, ethylene, propylene, propane, butane, butene, butadiene, and isobutylene.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the H 2 S is present in the gas composition at a concentration in a range of 10 to 200 parts per million by volume (ppmv) based on a total volume of the gas composition.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein the H 2 S-containing gas composition is introduced to the reactor at a rate of 0.4 to 2.0 milliliters per minute (mL/min) per milligram of the graphene support.
15. The process of claim 1 , wherein the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite is present in the liquid at a concentration in a range of 0.1 to 10 milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL).
16. The process of claim 1 , wherein during the introducing and adsorbing the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture is in contact with the H 2 S-containing gas composition at a temperature in a range of from 15 to 40° C. and under a pressure of 0.9 to 1.2 bar.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein:
the first metal salt is selected from the group consisting of a zinc salt, a manganese salt, a cobalt salt, and a copper salt;
the second metal salt is an iron salt;
the third metal salt is an aluminum salt;
a molar ratio of the first metal salt to the third metal salt present in the third liquid is in a range of 4:1 to 16:1; and
a molar ratio of the second metal salt to the third metal salt present in the third liquid is in a range of 1:2 to 4:1.
18. The process of claim 1 , wherein the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite has:
a specific surface area in a range of 40-200 m 2 /g;
a cumulative specific pore volume in a range of 0.1 to 0.4 cm 3 /g; and
an average pore diameter of 5 to 30 nm.
19. A process for removing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) from a H 2 S-containing gas composition, comprising:
charging a liquid to a reactor under continuous agitation;
dispersing particles of a graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite in the liquid to form a graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture;
continuously agitating the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture;
introducing the H 2 S-containing gas composition to the reactor containing the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture under continuous agitation and passing the H 2 S-containing gas composition through the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite mixture;
adsorbing the H 2 S from the H 2 S-containing gas composition onto the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite to remove the H 2 S from the H 2 S-containing gas composition and form a purified gas composition;
wherein a graphene support of the graphene supported mixed-metal hydroxide composite is graphene oxide (GO) and the method further comprises:
mixing a phosphoric acid solution and a sulfuric acid solution at a volumetric ratio of 1:4 to 1:20 to form an acid mixture;
adding graphite to the acid mixture under cooling and mixing to form a first reaction mixture;
adding potassium permanganate to the first reaction mixture and heating to form a second reaction mixture;
wherein a mass ratio of graphite and potassium permanganate present in the first reaction mixture is in a range of 1:1 to 1:10;
quenching the second reaction mixture under cooling;
adding a hydrogen peroxide solution to the second reaction mixture under cooling and mixing to form a crude graphene oxide mixture;
separating graphene oxide from the crude graphene oxide mixture, washing and drying to form the graphene oxide.