Shielded electromagnetic pumps for nuclear reactors
An electromagnetic pump (EMP) for a liquid metal-cooled nuclear reactor includes a pump casing, concentric inner and outer flow ducts collectively defining a flow annulus extending coaxially with a longitudinal axis of the EMP, and induction coils configured to control the flow of liquid metal coolant through the flow annulus based on electrical power received from the power supply. At least one of the inner flow duct or the outer flow duct includes a gamma shielding material configured to block gamma rays from entering an interior of the EMP from the flow annulus. The pump casing may include a neutron absorber material configured to absorb neutrons entering the pump casing from an exterior of the EMP. The EMP may include a neutron moderator material on an outer surface of the pump casing and configured to moderate neutrons entering the pump casing to be absorbed by the neutron absorber material.
1. An electromagnetic pump (EMP), comprising:
a pump casing having a longitudinal axis extending in a longitudinal direction, the pump casing at least partially defining an interior of the EMP;
concentric inner and outer flow ducts extending coaxially with the longitudinal axis and collectively defining a flow annulus extending coaxially with the longitudinal axis; and
a plurality of induction coils within the interior of the EMP and configured to be electrically connected to a power supply, the plurality of induction coils configured to control a flow of liquid metal coolant through the flow annulus based on electrical power received from the power supply,
wherein at least the outer flow duct includes a gamma shielding material that is configured to block gamma rays emitted from the liquid metal coolant flowing through the flow annulus from entering the interior of the EMP from the flow annulus,
wherein
the outer flow duct includes first concentric cylindrical duct walls defining a first duct annulus between the first concentric cylindrical duct walls, the first concentric cylindrical duct walls including a first outer cylindrical duct wall and a first inner cylindrical duct wall, the first concentric cylindrical duct walls defining the first duct annulus between an inner surface of the first outer cylindrical duct wall and an outer surface of the first inner cylindrical duct wall, an inner surface of the first inner cylindrical duct wall partially defining the flow annulus,
the gamma shielding material is in the first duct annulus between the first outer cylindrical duct wall and the first inner cylindrical duct wall, such that the first inner cylindrical duct wall is between the gamma shielding material and the flow annulus, and
the gamma shielding material is a filler material in the first duct annulus.
2. The EMP of claim 1 , wherein the pump casing includes a neutron absorber material, the neutron absorber material configured to absorb neutrons entering the pump casing from an exterior of the EMP.
3. The EMP of claim 2 , wherein
the pump casing includes concentric cylindrical housing walls defining a housing annulus between the concentric cylindrical housing walls, and
the neutron absorber material is located within the housing annulus.
4. The EMP of claim 2 , wherein the EMP further includes a neutron moderator material on an outer surface of the pump casing, the neutron moderator material configured to moderate neutrons received from the exterior of the EMP such that the neutrons entering the pump casing from the exterior of the EMP are moderated neutrons, the neutron absorber material configured to absorb the moderated neutrons.
5. The EMP of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of induction coils includes at least one of
inner induction coils located within a central region at least partially defined by an inner surface of the inner flow duct, or
outer induction coils located within an annular region at least partially defined between an outer surface of the outer flow duct and an inner surface of the pump casing.
6. A method for operating the EMP of claim 1 , the method comprising:
controlling a supply of electrical power to the EMP to cause the plurality of induction coils to generate one or more magnetic fields to induce a flow of liquid metal coolant through the flow annulus; and
blocking, at the gamma shielding material included in the outer flow duct, gamma rays emitted from liquid metal coolant located in the flow annulus from entering an interior of the EMP that is external to the flow annulus.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein,
the pump casing includes a neutron absorber material, the neutron absorber material configured to absorb neutrons entering the pump casing from an exterior of the EMP, and
the method further includes absorbing, at the neutron absorber material, neutrons received at the pump casing from the exterior of the EMP.
8. A method for configuring a nuclear reactor to improve liquid metal coolant flow control in the nuclear reactor, the method comprising:
installing the EMP of claim 1 in a primary coolant loop in a nuclear reactor pressure vessel of the nuclear reactor;
electrically connecting the EMP to the power supply via a power cable; and
communicatively coupling the EMP to a control system, the control system including a memory storing a program of instructions and a processor configured to execute the program of instructions to control a flow of liquid metal coolant through the primary coolant loop based on controlling the supply of electrical power supplied from the power supply to the EMP.
9. A nuclear reactor configured to be cooled via liquid metal circulation, the nuclear reactor comprising:
a reactor pressure vessel;
a reactor core within the reactor pressure vessel; and
the EMP of claim 1 within the reactor pressure vessel, the EMP configured to circulate a flow of liquid metal coolant through a primary coolant loop that includes the reactor core.
10. The nuclear reactor of claim 9 , further comprising:
a control system configured to control the power supply to control a supply of electrical power to the EMP, to control the flow of liquid metal coolant through the primary coolant loop.
11. The EMP of claim 1 , wherein the gamma shielding material is configured to block an incident gamma ray photon emitted from the liquid metal coolant flowing through the flow annulus based on at least one of
photoelectric absorption of gamma rays by the gamma shielding material, including a complete transfer of energy from the incident gamma ray photon to an atomic electron of the gamma shielding material,
scattering of gamma rays by the gamma shielding material, the scattering including a transfer of part of energy of the incident gamma ray photon to an atomic electron of the gamma shielding material, such that the gamma shielding material causes the incident gamma ray photon to perform at least one of
further scattering or absorption interactions with the gamma shielding material, or
emerge from the gamma shielding material with diminished energy; or pair production, the pair production including interaction of the incident gamma ray photon with a nucleus of an atom of the gamma shielding material which results in creation of a beta particle and a positron that then undergoes an annihilation reaction with an electron to produce two lower-energy gamma rays.
12. The EMP of claim 1 , wherein the gamma shielding material includes one or more of Lead, Tin, Bismuth, Tungsten, Water, Borated Paraffin, or Borated Polyethylene.
13. The EMP of claim 2 , wherein the neutron absorber material includes one or more of Gadolinium, Cadmium, Gadolinium oxide, Hafnium Lithium, Europium, Gadolinium Stainless Steel, Silver, Xenon, or Indium.
14. The EMP of claim 1 , wherein the inner flow duct and the outer flow duct each include at least one gamma shielding material that is configured to block gamma rays emitted from the liquid metal coolant flowing through the flow annulus from entering the interior of the EMP from the flow annulus.
15. The EMP of claim 1 , wherein
the inner flow duct includes second concentric cylindrical duct walls defining a second duct annulus between second first concentric cylindrical duct walls, the second concentric cylindrical duct walls including a second outer cylindrical duct wall and a second inner cylindrical duct wall, the second concentric cylindrical duct walls defining the second duct annulus between an inner surface of the second outer cylindrical duct wall and an outer surface of the second inner cylindrical duct wall,
the outer flow duct and the inner flow duct collectively define the flow annulus between the inner surface of the first inner cylindrical duct wall of the outer flow duct and an outer surface of the second outer cylindrical duct wall of the inner flow duct,
an additional gamma shielding material is in the second duct annulus between the second outer cylindrical duct wall and the second inner cylindrical duct wall, such that the second outer cylindrical duct wall is between the additional gamma shielding material and the flow annulus,
the additional gamma shield material in the second duct annulus and the gamma shielding material in the first duct annulus are a same gamma shielding material, and
the additional gamma shielding material is a filler material in the second duct annulus.
16. The EMP of claim 1 , wherein the gamma shielding material includes one or more of Water, Borated Paraffin, or Borated Polyethylene.
17. The EMP of claim 15 , wherein the gamma shielding material and the additional gamma shielding material are each a same one or more of Water, Borated Paraffin, or Borated Polyethylene.
18. The EMP of claim 3 , wherein the neutron absorber material is a filler material within the housing annulus.
19. The EMP of claim 1 , wherein the gamma shielding material does not provide structural integrity of the outer flow duct.
20. The EMP of claim 15 , wherein the additional gamma shielding material does not provide structural integrity of the inner flow duct.