Process and apparatus for cracking ammonia
Processes for cracking ammonia are improved by using heat generated in a compression unit that is used to compress PSA off gas being recycled to a PSA unit to pre-heat liquid ammonia prior to vaporization and cracking. The heat is transferred using a heat transfer fluid such as an aqueous solution comprising from about 50 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a glycol, e.g., ethylene glycol or propylene glycol.
1. A process for cracking ammonia comprising:
warming heat transfer fluid to produce a warmed heat transfer fluid;
pumping liquid ammonia to produce a pumped liquid ammonia;
pre-heating the pumped liquid ammonia produce a pre-heated liquid ammonia;
vaporizing the pre-heated liquid ammonia to produce an ammonia gas;
heating the ammonia gas to produce a heated ammonia gas;
combusting a fuel with an oxidant gas in a furnace to heat catalyst-containing reactor tubes and produce a flue gas;
feeding the heated ammonia gas, or a partially cracked ammonia gas derived therefrom, to the catalyst-containing reactor tubes to cause cracking of ammonia and produce a cracked gas comprising hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas and residual ammonia gas;
cooling the cracked gas to produced cooled cracked gas; and
recovering hydrogen gas from the cooled cracked gas in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit to produce a hydrogen gas as product and PSA off gas comprising nitrogen gas, residual hydrogen gas and residual ammonia gas,
wherein a portion of the PSA off gas is compressed in a compression unit to produce compressed PSA off gas which is recycled to the PSA unit and at least part of the duty required to warm the heat transfer fluid is provided by using the heat transfer fluid to cool the compression unit, and
wherein a part of the duty required to pre-heat the pumped liquid ammonia is provided by heat exchange with the warmed heat transfer fluid.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the liquid ammonia is pumped from a storage vessel.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the majority of the duty required to cool the compression unit is the duty required to remove heat of compression from the PSA off gas.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the compressed PSA off gas is at or above its dew point temperature.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein, during periods when the compression unit is operating at part load, at least part of the duty required to warm the heat transfer fluid is provided from an external source.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the external source is an electrical heater.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein any remaining part of the duty required to warm the heat transfer fluid is provided by heat exchange with cracked gas and/or flue gas.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein any excess heat is removed from the heat transfer fluid using air coolers and/or cooling water.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the heat transfer fluid is pumped around a circuit.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the heat transfer fluid is an aqueous solution of a glycol.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the aqueous solution comprises from about 50 wt. % to about 60 wt. % glycol.
12. The process of claim 10 , wherein the glycol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein warmed heat transfer fluid is at a temperature of over 60° C.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein a further portion of PSA off gas is pre-heated and fed as at least part of the fuel to the furnace.
15. The process of claim 1 comprising partially cracking the heated ammonia gas in an adiabatic reaction unit comprising at least one catalyst bed to produce the partially cracked ammonia gas for feeding to the catalyst-filled reactor tubes.
16. Apparatus for cracking ammonia comprising:
a source of liquid ammonia;
a pump comprising an inlet in fluid flow communication with the source of liquid ammonia and an outlet for pumped liquid ammonia;
a furnace comprising:
a radiant section comprising at least one inlet for fuel and oxidant gas in fluid flow communication with at least one burner, an ammonia feed inlet in fluid flow communication with the pump, and catalyst-filled reactor tubes having upstream ends in fluid flow communication with the ammonia feed inlet and downstream ends in fluid flow communication with an outlet for cracked gas, and
a convection section in fluid flow communication with the radiant section comprising an outlet for flue gas,
a PSA unit comprising an inlet in fluid flow communication with the outlet for cracked gas in the radiant section of the furnace, an outlet for hydrogen gas and an outlet for PSA off gas;
a compression unit comprising an inlet in fluid flow communication with the outlet for PSA off gas in the PSA unit, and an outlet for compressed PSA off gas in fluid flow communication with the inlet of the PSA unit,
wherein the apparatus further comprises:
at least one cooler located within the compression unit and arranged for cooling the compression unit by heat exchange against a heat transfer fluid;
a pre-heating unit located downstream of the pump and arranged for pre-heating pumped liquid ammonia by heat exchange against the heat transfer fluid; and
at least one heat exchanger located upstream of the ammonia feed inlet of the furnace for vaporizing pre-heated liquid ammonia and heating ammonia gas by heat exchange with the cracked gas.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the source of liquid ammonia is a storage vessel.
18. The apparatus of claim 16 comprising an external heater for warming the heat transfer fluid.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the external heater is an electrical heater.
20. The apparatus of claim 16 comprising at least one heat exchanger arranged to warm the heat transfer fluid by heat exchange against cracked gas and/or flue gas.
21. The apparatus of claim 16 comprising at least one air cooler and/or at least one water cooler arranged to cool the heat transfer fluid.
22. The apparatus of claim 16 comprising a circuit for the heat transfer fluid, said circuit comprising a pump for moving the heat transfer fluid around the circuit.
23. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the outlet for PSA off gas in the PSA unit is in fluid flow communication with said at least one inlet for fuel and oxidant gas in the radiant section of the furnace and the apparatus comprises at least one heat exchanger located upstream of said at least one inlet for fuel and oxidant gas and arranged for pre-heating the PSA off gas by heat exchange against cracked gas and/or flue gas.
24. The apparatus of claim 16 comprising an adiabatic reaction unit for partially cracking heated ammonia gas, the unit comprising an inlet for heated ammonia gas in fluid communication with the pump, at least one catalyst bed having an upstream end in fluid communication with the inlet and a downstream end in fluid communication with an outlet for partially cracked ammonia gas,
wherein the outlet for partially cracked ammonia gas is in fluid flow communication with the ammonia feed inlet of the furnace.