Device for inducing cell death
The present disclosure provides a medical device ( 100 ) for inducing cell death in cancer cells. The device comprises a signal generator ( 102 ) arranged to generate a pulsed electrical signal, and a transmitter ( 116 ) arranged to receive the pulsed electrical signal and generate, in response to the electrical signal, an electric field in a treatment volume. The device ( 100 ) is arranged such that the pulsed electrical signal received by the transmitter ( 116 ) has a pulse width of 0.1 microsecond to 1 millisecond, and a signal frequency of 10 Megahertz to 20 Gigahertz. The present disclosure also provides a method of inducing cell death. The method comprising a step of generating, using a transmitter ( 116 ), a pulsed time varying electric field in a treatment volume comprising a volume of cells to be treated. The electric field has a pulse width of 0.1 microsecond to 1 millisecond, and a signal frequency of 10 Megahertz to 20 Gigahertz.
1. A medical device for inducing cell death in cancer cells, the medical device comprising:
a signal generator arranged to generate a pulsed electrical signal, and
a probe comprising a transmitter, the transmitter being arranged to receive the pulsed electrical signal and generate, in response to the pulsed electrical signal, an electromagnetic field in a treatment volume;
wherein the electromagnetic field is generated at, and radiates from, a free end of the transmitter in use; and
wherein the medical device is arranged such that the pulsed electrical signal received by the transmitter has:
a pulse width in a range of 0.1 microsecond to 1 millisecond, and
a signal frequency in a range of 100 Megahertz to 20 Gigahertz; and
wherein the transmitter is a broadband transmitter configured to generate the electromagnetic field in response to the pulsed electrical signal over a range of signal frequencies from 100 MHz to 20 GHz.
2. A medical device according to claim 1 , comprising one or more further transmitters, the device being arranged such that a time varying electric field generated by each transmitter is synchronized.
3. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the probe comprises a temperature sensor arranged to obtain an indication of the temperature of the treatment volume.
4. A medical device according to claim 3 , wherein the temperature sensor is a fibre optic temperature sensor.
5. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the medical device is configured to determine a temperature of the material in the treatment volume by measuring an electrical signal that is reflected back from the transmitter.
6. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the device is arranged to cease transmission of the electromagnetic field into the treatment volume if it is determined that a temperature of the treatment volume exceeds a threshold level.
7. A medical device according to claim 6 , wherein the threshold level is set such that the temperature of the treatment volume is not heated above an initial temperature by more than 5° C. or does not exceed 41° C.
8. A medical device according to claim 1 , further comprising a directional coupler arranged to provide an output from which the power deposited into the treatment volume can be monitored.
9. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the medical device is arranged to obtain an indication of the impedance of the treatment volume.
10. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the pulse width is in the range of 1 microsecond to 500 microseconds, preferably 1 microsecond to 100 microseconds, and preferably 30 to 80 microseconds.
11. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the medical device is arranged such that the pulsed electrical signal received by the transmitter has a peak power of in the range of 10 milliwatts to 300 Watts, preferably 100 milliwatts to 100 Watts, and preferably 1 Watt to 50 Watts.
12. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the medical device is configured such that the pulsed electrical signal received by the transmitter has a pulse frequency in the range of 0.01 kilohertz to 1 megahertz, preferably 0.01 kilohertz to 100 kilohertz, and preferably 0.1 kilohertz to 10 kilohertz.
13. A medical device according to claim 1 , comprising an endoscope for guiding an insertion of the transmitter into the volume of cells to be treated.
14. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the medical device is configured such that the transmitter generates an evanescent field in the treatment volume.
15. A medical device according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitter is formed of a coaxial cable.
16. A medical device according to claim 15 , wherein the coaxial cable has a tapered end at which the electromagnetic field is generated.
17. A method of inducing cell death using a medical device, wherein the medical device comprises:
a signal generator arranged to generate a pulsed electrical signal, and
a probe comprising a transmitter, the transmitter being arranged to receive the pulsed electrical signal and generate, in response to the pulsed electrical signal, an electromagnetic field in a treatment volume;
the method comprising the steps of:
positioning the probe such that the treatment volume contains a volume of cells to be treated;
using the signal generator so as to generate the pulsed electrical signal; and
the transmitter generating the electromagnetic field in the treatment volume in response to the pulsed electrical signal so received;
wherein the electromagnetic field is generated at, and radiates from, a free end of the transmitter;
wherein the pulsed electrical signal received by the transmitter has:
a pulse width in a range of 0.1 microsecond to 1 millisecond, and
a signal frequency in a range of 100 Megahertz to 20 Gigahertz; and
wherein the transmitter is a broadband I transmitter configured to generate the electromagnetic field in response to the pulsed electrical signal over a range of signal frequencies from 100 MHz to 20 GHz.
18. A method according to claim 17 , wherein the method comprises a step of obtaining an indication of a temperature of the treatment volume, and regulating the pulsed electrical signal received by the transmitter in dependence on the temperature.
19. A method according to claim 17 , the method comprising a step of monitoring a power of the pulsed electrical signal sent to the transmitter and monitoring a power of a reflected electrical signal that is reflected from the transmitter.
20. A method according to claim 17 , comprising positioning the transmitter such that at least some of the cells to be treated are within a penetration depth of an evanescent field generated by the transmitter.
21. A method according to claim 17 , wherein the method comprises providing a plurality of transmitters, each transmitter generating a pulsed time varying electric field, the pulsed time varying electric fields being synchronised.
22. A method according to claim 17 , the method being a method of treating cancer by inducing cell death in cancer cells.