Nanocomposite supercapacitors for energy storage
A method of storing electrical charge may include charging a capacitor, including an anode and/or a cathode layer further including a nanocomposite including graphitic C 3 N 4 , MnO 2 , and MgAl 2 O 4 in a mass relationship to each other in a range of from 5 to 15:2 to 7:75 to 95, with alternating current at a frequency in a range of from 1 megahertz (MHz) to 12 MHz.
1. A method of storing electrical charge, the method comprising:
charging a capacitor, comprising an anode and/or a cathode layer comprising a nanocomposite comprising graphitic C 3 N 4 , MnO 2 , and MgAl 2 O 4 in a mass relationship to each other in a range of from 5 to 15:2 to 7:75 to 95, with alternating current at a frequency in a range of from 1 to 12 MHz.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the average pore distribution of the nanocomposite is unimodal, and
wherein a BET specific surface area of the nanocomposite is in a range of from 16.2 to 20.2 m 2 /g, and/or
wherein an average pore diameter of the nanocomposite, according to BJH measurement method, is in a range of from 5 to 15 nm, and/or
wherein an average pore volume of the nanocomposite, according to the BJH measurement method, is in a range of from 0.025 to 0.075 cm 3 /g.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite has a (220) spinel interplanar spacing in a range of from 0.258 to 0.338 nm, (400) spinel interplanar spacing in a range of from 0.165 to 0.245 nm, (002) MnO 2 interplanar spacing in a range of from 0.106 to 0.186 nm, and (211) Al 2 O 3 interplanar spacing in a range of from 0.093 to 0.173 nm, according to selected area diffraction.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mass relationship of the nanocomposite is in a range of from 9 to 11:4 to 6:84 to 86,
wherein the nanocomposite has a (220) spinel interplanar spacing of 0.298±2% nm, (400) spinel interplanar spacing of 0.205±2% nm, (002) MnO 2 interplanar spacing of 0.146±2% nm, and (211) Al 2 O 3 interplanar spacing of 0.133±2% nm, according to selected area diffraction,
wherein an XRD spectrum of the nanocomposite under Cu-filtered Cu-Kα radiation (1.5418 Å) powered at 45 kV and 10 mA has 2θ peaks of
an MnO 2 pyrolusite phase at 28.4±1, 40.5±1, 44.9±1, 56.0±1, 66.4±1, and 79.1±1°,
an MgAl 2 O 4 spinel phase at 19.1±1, 31.3±1, 44.8±1, 56.1±1, 59.5±1, 74.09±1, 78.1±1°,
an MgO cubic phase at 42.8±1, 62.2±1, and 74.6±1°,
an Al 2 O 3 phase at 31.3±1, 34.3±1, and 61.6±1°,
g-C 3 N 4 -related diffractions at 18.8±1, 28.2±1, 35.5±1, 40.7±1, 44.6±1, and 73.7±1°, and
wherein no more than 5% relative intensity of any other phase is detected in the XRD spectrum.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the charging is at a frequency in a range of from 3 to 12 MHZ,
wherein the anode and/or a cathode layer comprising the nanocomposite, in operation, becomes an electric double-layer of conductor-rich grains separated by conductor-poor grain boundaries, and
wherein the anode and/or a cathode layer comprising the nanocomposite forms an array of homogeneous spherical metal oxides nanoparticles having an average largest diameter in a range of from 6.4 to 9.4 nm on a porous structured layer comprising curled and/or wrinkled nanosheets and platelets of the g-C 3 N 4 .
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite has no more than 0.1 parts, individually, of thiol, amine, carboxylate, and hydroxyl functionalization per 100 MnO 2 units, relative to a total metal oxide weight.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 1 wt. %, individually, of TiO 2 , Ti 2 AlN, Fe 3 O 4 , AlN, ZnO, and SiO 2 , relative to a total metal oxide weight.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 1 atoms of Ce, relative to 100 atoms of Mn.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein carbon materials in the nanocomposite comprise no more than 1 wt. %, individually, carbon nanotubes and carbon dots, relative to total nanocomposite weight.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite no more than 1 wt. % AgBr, relative to a total metal oxide weight, and
wherein the nanocomposite no more than 1 wt. % tungsten oxide, relative to a total nanocomposite weight.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 1 wt. %, individually, of a sulfide, phosphide, and boride, relative to total nanocomposite weight.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 1 wt. %, individually, CuO, aluminosilicate, and WO 3 , relative to total nanocomposite weight.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 1 wt. %, individually, elemental state Co and Fe, relative to total nanocomposite weight.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 0.1 wt. % of any noble metal, relative to total nanocomposite weight, and
wherein the nanocomposite comprises no conductive polymer selected from polyaniline, polythiophene, and polypyrrole.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 10 wt. % MgO, relative to a total metal oxide weight, and
wherein the nanocomposite comprises no clay.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite obtained comprises no more than 1 wt. % carbonaceous material besides the graphitic carbon nitride,
wherein the graphitic C 3 N 4 is not nitrogen deficient, and
wherein carbon materials in the nanocomposite comprise no more than 0.01 wt. % nanotubes and no nanorods, relative to total nanocomposite weight.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 10 wt. % Mn 3 O 4 , relative to total manganese oxide weight, or
wherein the nanocomposite comprises manganese oxide in only one oxidation state.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphitic C 3 N 4 in the nanocomposite consists essentially of sheet morphologies,
wherein the graphitic C 3 N 4 in the nanocomposite comprises no more than inevitable traces of boron, and
wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 1 wt. % of graphene (nitrogen-doped graphene), relative to total carbonaceous weight in the nanocomposite.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 10 wt. %, individually, relative to total metal content, of any of Zn, Ce, Gd, La, Ba, Ti, Ca, Sr, Zr, Pb, Ni, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Co, Cu, Mn, Cd, W, Ta, Nb, Pr, and Bi, and
wherein the nanocomposite comprises no more than 1 wt. %, individually, relative to total carrier weight, of SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZnO, NiB, and ZnS.