Solid state battery system usable at high temperatures and methods of use and manufacture thereof
A battery cells that include sulfide cathodes are described with examples being suitable for operation at elevated temperatures. Also described are methods of making and using these battery cells.
1. A battery cell comprising:
a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) comprising,
a solid-state dense region having a porosity of less than 5%; and
a solid-state first porous region having pores and a porosity of 40% to 90%;
a cathode contacting the SSE, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material selected from the group consisting of a lithiated and/or non-lithiated form of TiS 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2 , vanadium sulfides, ZrS 2 , NbS 2 , TaS 2 , CuS, and NiS; and
an anode material disposed in the pores of at least a portion of the solid-state first porous region.
2. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode material comprises lithium metal.
3. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode material is lithium metal.
4. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode material comprises sodium metal.
5. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode material is sodium metal.
6. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the pores contain melted anode material.
7. The battery cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode active material is a lithiated and/or non-lithiated form of TiS 2 .
8. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the battery cell is operable up to 400° C.
9. A method of operating the battery cell of claim 1 , comprising discharging and charging the battery cell at a temperature up to 300° C.
10. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein
the SSE is a lithium garnet solid-state electrolyte (SSE); and
the anode material comprises lithium metal.
11. The battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the lithium metal anode material is in a melted state.
12. The battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the battery cell is operable for charging and discharging at 150° C.
13. The battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the cathode active material is a lithiated and/or non-lithiated form of TiS 2 .
14. The battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the battery cell is operable from 60 to 150° C. to charge and discharge the battery.
15. The method of claim 9 comprising: discharging and charging the battery cell at a temperature of 80-150° C.
16. The method of claim 9 comprising: discharging and charging the battery cell at a temperature of 100-150° C.
17. The method of claim 9 comprising: discharging and charging the battery cell at a temperature of 150° C.
18. The method of claim 9 comprising: discharging the battery cell during or after contact with a flame.
19. A battery cell comprising:
a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) comprising,
a solid-state dense region having a porosity of less than 5%; and
a solid-state first porous region having pores and a porosity of 40% to 90%;
a cathode contacting the SSE, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material selected from the group consisting of a lithiated and/or non-lithiated form of TiS 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2 , vanadium sulfides, ZrS 2 , NbS 2 , TaS 2 , CuS, and NiS, and wherein electrically conductive carbon is located on a surface of the cathode active material; and
an anode material disposed in the pores of at least a portion of the solid-state first porous region.
20. A battery cell comprising:
a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) comprising,
a solid-state dense region having a porosity of less than 5%; and
a solid-state first porous region having pores and a porosity of 40% to 90%;
a cathode contacting the SSE, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material selected from the group consisting of a lithiated and/or non-lithiated form of TiS 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2 , vanadium sulfides, ZrS 2 , NbS 2 , TaS 2 , CuS, and NiS, and wherein carbon nanotubes are located on a surface of the cathode active material; and
an anode material disposed in the pores of at least a portion of the solid-state first porous region.
21. A battery cell comprising:
a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) comprising,
a solid-state dense region having a porosity of less than 5%; and
a solid-state first porous region having pores and a porosity of 40% to 90%;
a cathode contacting the SSE, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material selected from the group consisting of a lithiated and/or non-lithiated form of TiS 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2 , vanadium sulfides, ZrS 2 , NbS 2 , TaS 2 , CuS, and NiS, wherein sulfur particles are present within the cathode active material; and
an anode material disposed in the pores of at least a portion of the solid-state first porous region.