Nanosecond pulsed power sources having multi-core transformers
Described herein are apparatuses and methods for applying high voltage, sub-microsecond (e.g., nanosecond range) pulsed output to a biological material, e.g., tissues, cells, etc., using a high voltage (e.g., MOSFET) gate driver circuit having a high voltage isolation and a low inductance. In particular, described herein are multi-core pulse transformers comprising independent transformer cores arranged in parallel on opposite sides of a substrate. The transformer cores may have coaxial primary and secondary windings. Also describe are pulse generators including multi-core pulse transformers arranged in parallel (e.g., on opposite sides of a PCB) to reduce MOSFET driver gate inductance.
1. An apparatus for delivering pulsed electrical energy comprising:
one or more high voltage switch drivers;
one or more high voltage switches; and
one or more multi-core pulse transformers, each multi-core pulse transformer comprising a first transformer core and a second transformer core on opposite sides of a substrate, wherein the first transformer core and the second transformer core are each wound by one or more cables forming a primary winding and a secondary winding,
further wherein the one or more high voltage switch drivers are coupled to the primary windings such that the primary winding of the first transformer core is electrically connected in parallel to the primary winding of the second transformer core, and the one or more high voltage switches are coupled to the secondary windings such that the secondary winding of the first transformer core is electrically connected in parallel to the secondary winding of the second transformer core.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each primary winding is between the one or more high voltage switch drivers and the one or more high voltage switches.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each secondary winding is between the one or more high voltage switch drivers and the one or more high voltage switches.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to keep each of the first transformer core and the second transformer core below saturation to reduce an inductance and increase a switch drive current.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the secondary windings are coaxially arranged relative to the primary windings.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to provide a high voltage pulsed output comprising nanosecond pulses.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more high voltage switches are MOSFETs and the one or more high voltage switch drivers are MOSFET drivers.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first transformer core is independent from the second transformer core.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first transformer core is on a first side of a printed circuit board (PCB) to which the one or more high voltage switch drivers and the one or more high voltage switches are attached.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more cables forming the primary and/or secondary windings of the first transformer core are wound between 1 and 5 times around the first transformer core.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , the apparatus is configured as a part of a pulse generator system.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the pulse generator system comprises a pulse generator and a pulse delivery output configured to deliver a high voltage pulsed output produced by the pulse generator.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the pulse delivery output comprises a plurality of electrodes.
14. A method of generating a pulsed output, the method comprising:
emitting a driving pulse from a high voltage switch driver to a multi-core pulse transformer through a primary winding of a first transformer core that is electrically connected in parallel to a primary winding of a second transformer core; and
receiving the driving pulse at a high voltage switch in parallel from a secondary winding of the first transformer core and a secondary winding of the second transformer core, wherein the secondary winding of the first transformer core and the secondary winding of the second transformer core are electrically connected in parallel on opposite sides of a substrate.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the pulsed output is in a nanosecond range.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the high voltage switch is a MOSFET and the high voltage switch driver is a MOSFET driver, and wherein MOSFET, MOSFET driver and the first transformer core are on a first side of the substrate, and the second transformer core is on a second side of the substrate directly opposite from the first transformer core.
17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising emitting the driving pulse through a plurality of primary windings that are arranged in parallel.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein receiving comprises receiving the driving pulse at the high voltage switch from the secondary winding that is arranged coaxially relative the primary winding around the first transformer core and the second transformer core.
19. The method of claim 14 , the method comprises lowering circuit inductance to reduce driving point inductance at high voltage switch driver outputs.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the multi-core pulse transformer comprises more than 2 transformer cores.