Fluid entrapment via perforated surfaces for drag reduction
A reduced drag surface involves a perforated or porous surface exposed to a flowing fluid and a slip interface disposed between the surface and the flowing fluid, wherein the slip interface is formed from an entrapped fluid trapped at the surface. A method for modifying a drag coefficient on a reduced drag surface involves the steps of supplying a fluid to a perforated or porous surface exposed to a flowing fluid, wherein the surface traps the fluid at the surface to form an entrapped fluid and forming a slip interface between the surface and the flowing fluid, wherein the slip interface is formed from the entrapped fluid. An apparatus for a reduced drag surface includes the reduced drag surface described above and a source of fluid fluidically coupled to the surface such that the source supplied fluid to the surface to form the entrapped fluid.
1 . A reduced drag surface comprising:
a perforated or porous surface exposed to a flowing fluid; and
a slip interface disposed between the perforated or porous surface and the flowing fluid, wherein the slip interface is formed from an entrapped fluid trapped at the perforated surface or the porous surface, wherein the entrapped fluid remains within the perforations or pores of the surface and the entrapped fluid does not enter the flowing fluid.
2 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , wherein the entrapped fluid is a gas, and wherein the slip interface is formed from an array of bubbles of the gas.
3 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , wherein the entrapped fluid is a liquid, and wherein the slip interface is formed, at least in part, from the liquid trapped at the perforated or porous surface.
4 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , wherein the perforated or porous surface is formed from a hydrophobic material or a hydrophilic material.
5 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , further comprising a microtexture projecting outwardly from the perforated or porous surface.
6 . The reduced drag surface of claim 5 , wherein the microtexture comprises at least one of a post, a waffle pattern, or a baffle.
7 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , wherein the perforated or porous surface is suspended over a cavity supplying the entrapped fluid.
8 . The reduced drag surface of claim 7 , wherein the perforated or porous surface is flexible, and wherein the perforated or porous surface is configured to flex inwardly into the cavity when exposed to a negative pressure.
9 . The reduced drag surface of claim 7 , wherein the cavity is filled with a porous material.
10 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , wherein the perforated or porous surface is an exterior surface of a volume of porous material filling a cavity that supplies the entrapped fluid.
11 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , further comprising: a second perforated or porous surface exposed to the flowing fluid; and a slip interface disposed between the second perforated or porous surface and the flowing fluid, wherein the slip interface is formed from the entrapped fluid trapped at the second perforated or porous surface.
12 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , wherein the flowing fluid and the entrapped fluid are in different phases.
13 . The reduced drag surface of claim 1 , wherein the flowing fluid and the entrapped fluid are not in different phases.
14 . The reduced drag surface of claim 8 , wherein: the perforated or porous surface has a thickness t; the cavity is a rectangular channel comprising a largest dimension L; and the cavity has a height h that is substantially less than L.sup.4/t.sup.3.
15 . A method for modifying a drag coefficient on a reduced drag surface, the method comprising: supplying a fluid to a perforated or porous surface exposed to a flowing fluid, wherein the perforated or porous surface traps the fluid at the perforated or porous surface to form an entrapped fluid; forming a slip interface between the perforated or porous surface and the flowing fluid, wherein the slip interface is formed from the entrapped fluid, wherein the entrapped fluid remains within the perforations or pores and does not enter the flowing fluid.
16 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising: modifying the supply of the fluid to the perforated or porous surface based on a change in pressure exerted on the perforated or porous surface by the flowing fluid or the velocity of the flowing fluid.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein modifying the supply of the fluid to the perforated or porous surface comprises increasing a pressure of the fluid to the perforated or porous surface.
18 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising: providing a negative pressure to the perforated or porous surface to increase the drag coefficient of the reduced drag surface.
19 . An apparatus comprising: a reduced drag surface that includes: a perforated or porous surface exposed to a flowing fluid, and a slip interface disposed between the perforated or porous surface and the flowing fluid, wherein the slip interface is formed from an entrapped fluid trapped at the perforated or porous surface; and a source of fluid, wherein the source is fluidically coupled to the perforated or porous surface, and wherein the source of the fluid supplies fluid to the perforated or porous surface trapped at the perforated or porous surface to form the entrapped fluid; wherein the entrapped fluid remains within the perforations or pores and does not enter the flowing fluid.
20 . The apparatus of claim 19 , further comprising: a pressure sensor coupled with the perforated or porous surface; and a fluid transfer device coupled with the source of fluid, wherein the fluid transfer device controls a supply of the fluid to the perforated or porous surface based on data supplied by the pressure sensor.
21 . The apparatus of claim 19 , further comprising: a velocity sensor coupled with the perforated or porous surface to measure the velocity of the flow over the perforated or porous surface; and a fluid transfer device coupled with the source of fluid, wherein the fluid transfer device controls a supply of the fluid to the perforated or porous surface based on data supplied by the velocity sensor.