Multi-stage DC-DC converter
View Patent ↗A multi-stage DC-DC power converter includes a first switched-capacitor stage driven by an input voltage. A second switched-capacitor stage is coupled to the first switched-capacitor by an inductor coupling current source. A controller controls charging and discharging of a flying capacitor by the inductor coupling current source in each of the first and second switched-capacitor stages. The controller operates such that each of the flying capacitors of the first and second switched-capacitor stages is soft charged by the inductor coupling current source and a frequency of a switched voltage across the inductor coupling current source is maintained to be high enough to limit inductor current ripple to be negligible compared to its DC component and ensure average inductor current is effectively reduced by factor equal to a voltage conversion ratio of the second switched-capacitor stage.
1 . A multi-stage DC-DC power converter, comprising:
a first switched-capacitor stage driven by an input voltage;
a second switched-capacitor stage coupled to the first switched-capacitor by an inductor coupling current source, and
a controller to control charging and discharging of a flying capacitor by the inductor coupling current source in each of the first and second switched-capacitor stages, wherein the controller operates such that:
each of the flying capacitors of the first and second switched-capacitor stages is soft charged by the inductor coupling current source and a frequency of a switched voltage across the inductor coupling current source is maintained to be high enough to limit inductor current ripple to be negligible compared to its DC component and ensure average inductor current is effectively reduced by factor equal to a voltage conversion ratio of the second switched-capacitor stage.
2 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein the controller continuously regulates an output voltage of the second switched-capacitor stage by varying the time durations that the inductor coupling current source is energized and de-energized through pulse width modulation.
3 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein the inductor coupling current source comprises a single inductor.
4 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 3 , wherein the inductor coupling current source comprises a plurality of inductors.
5 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein the first and second switched-capacitor stages and the inductor coupling current sources are configured such that the inductor coupling current source conducts a fraction of a load current.
6 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein the first and second switched-capacitor stages and the inductor coupling current source are configured and the controller operates such that an average current of the inductor coupling current source is reduced compared to a load current by a factor equal to a voltage conversion ratio of the second switched-capacitor stage.
7 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , comprising N additional switched-capacitor stages, wherein each coupling via switched-capacitor stages is an inductor coupling current source.
8 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein coupling between the first and second switched-capacitor stages consists of the inductor coupling current source.
9 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein one or both of the first and second switched-capacitor stages comprises a plurality of paralleled stages, each of which is coupled via an inductor coupling current source.
10 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein the first and second switched-capacitor stages comprise series-parallel switched-capacitor stages and wherein the controller implements four different operating modes which provide four different voltage conversion ratios.
11 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 10 , wherein the four different operation modes comprise lower-level series-parallel (LSP), lower-level parallel-series (LPS), upper-level parallel-series (UPS), and bypass parallel-series (BPS), and for each mode a duty cycle (D) times half of a switching period (T SW /2) is defined as time spent energizing current in the inductor coupling current source.
12 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 11 , wherein the controller is configured to control switches in the first and second switched-capacitor stages in a repetitive sequence of configurations such that:
a first configuration connects the first switched-capacitor stage to the input terminal and the inductor coupling current source while connecting the second switched-capacitor stage and the output terminal or the terminal of another inductor;
a second configuration disconnects the first switched-capacitor stage from the input terminal and connects the inductor coupling current source to ground while connecting the second switched-capacitor stage to the inductor coupling current source and the output terminal or the terminal of another inductor;
a third configuration that connects the first switched-capacitor stage between ground and the inductor coupling current source while connecting the second switched-capacitor stage to the inductor coupling current source and the output terminal or the terminal of another inductor;
a fourth configuration that disconnects the first switched-capacitor stage from the inductor coupling current source and connects the inductor coupling current source to ground while connecting the second switched-capacitor network to the inductor coupling current source and the output terminal or the terminal of the another inductor.
13 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein the controller comprises a control loop consisting of an error amplifier, an output voltage sensor network, a regulation reference voltage, a pulse width modulator generator, and logic circuits, wherein the pulse width modulator generator consists of a triangle wave oscillator, a reference voltage generator, and a voltage comparator, wherein pulse width modulation power switch control signals are generated by comparing an output of the error amplifier to an output of the triangle wave oscillator.
14 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 13 , wherein the voltage comparator comprises sufficient hysteresis to ensure stable detection behavior when its inputs are equal.
15 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 13 , wherein the voltage comparator output controls a mode transition.
16 . The multi-stage DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein the first switched-capacitor stage comprises a Dickson topology and the second switched-capacitor stage comprises a series-parallel topology.