Dual directional coupler with multiple couplings for symmetrical performance
A dual directional coupler with multiple couplings for symmetrical performance is provided. The dual directional couplers implemented in radio frequency (RF) front-end modules often deliver different RF performance in terms of coupling factor and directivity between the forward and reverse modes. The performance asymmetry between these modes generally has multiple origins, where the two most relevant can be ascribed to the die layout (asymmetric die layout) and module routing (e.g., the antenna and coupler out pads are next to each other and experience mutual coupling). Embodiments described herein aim to improve the performance symmetry of dual directional couplers by employing a novel asymmetric layout which symmetrizes performance by adding mutual couplings that compensate the undesired ones. A novel circuit topology is also presented, which enables the forward and reverse modes to be tuned independently, adding a further degree of freedom during the design phase.
1 . A dual directional coupler having multiple couplings, comprising:
a first port;
a second port;
a first conductive path coupling the first port to the second port, wherein the first conductive path is symmetrical between the first port and the second port across an axis of symmetry;
a third port coupled to ground;
a fourth port asymmetrically positioned relative to the axis of symmetry, wherein one of the third port and the fourth port is positioned on the axis of symmetry; and
a second conductive path coupling the third port to the fourth port, the second conductive path electromagnetically coupled to the first conductive path, the second conductive path comprising one or more switches, wherein the third port is positioned on the axis of symmetry and a conductive path between the second conductive path and the fourth port electromagnetically couples to the first conductive path;
wherein the fourth port is asymmetrically positioned relative to the axis of symmetry such that a portion of the second conductive path couples to the first conductive path to compensate for asymmetries between a forward mode and a reverse mode of the dual directional coupler.
2 . The dual directional coupler of claim 1 , wherein the fourth port is asymmetrically positioned relative to the third port to produce an in-phase inductance connected to the second conductive path.
3 . The dual directional coupler of claim 1 , wherein the fourth port is asymmetrically positioned relative to the third port to produce an anti-phase inductance connected to the second conductive path.
4 . The dual directional coupler of claim 1 , further comprising a fifth port coupled to ground and switchably coupled to the second conductive path.
5 . The dual directional coupler of claim 4 , wherein the third port is switchably coupled to the second conductive path such that in one of the forward mode or the reverse mode the third port is connected to the second conductive path and the fifth port is disconnected from the second conductive path.
6 . The dual directional coupler of claim 4 , wherein the fourth port is switchably coupled to the second conductive path such that in one of the forward mode or the reverse mode the fourth port is connected to the second conductive path and the fifth port is disconnected from the second conductive path.
7 . The dual directional coupler of claim 1 , further comprising a dielectric material positioned between the first conductive path and the second conductive path.
8 . The dual directional coupler of claim 7 , wherein the first conductive path lies in a first plane and the second conductive path lies in a second plane different than the first plane.
9 . The dual directional coupler of claim 8 , wherein the second conductive path is positioned at least partially over the first conductive path.
10 . The dual directional coupler of claim 1 , wherein the third port is asymmetrically positioned relative to the axis of symmetry such that the portion of the second conductive path couples to the first conductive path to compensate for asymmetries between the forward mode and the reverse mode of the dual directional coupler.
11 . A radio frequency (RF) front end module comprising:
a filter;
a power amplifier coupled to the filter; and
a dual directional coupler comprising:
a first port coupled to the filter;
a second port;
a first conductive path coupling the first port to the second port, the first conductive path being symmetrical between the first port and the second port across an axis of symmetry;
a third port coupled to ground;
a fourth port, wherein the third port and the fourth port are positioned on the axis of symmetry; and
a second conductive path coupling the third port to the fourth port, the second conductive path electromagnetically coupled to the first conductive path, the second conductive path comprising one or more switches, the second conductive path being asymmetrical across the axis of symmetry to compensate for asymmetries between a forward mode and a reverse mode of the dual directional coupler, wherein the second conductive path being asymmetrical produces a mutual inductance with the first conductive path in the third port or the fourth port, which compensates for the asymmetries between the forward mode and the reverse mode.
12 . The RF front-end module of claim 11 , wherein one of the third port and the fourth port are positioned on the axis of symmetry.
13 . The RF front-end module of claim 12 , wherein the fourth port is positioned on the axis of symmetry and a portion of the second conductive path connected to the third port electromagnetically couples to the first conductive path.
14 . The RF front-end module of claim 12 , wherein the third port is positioned on the axis of symmetry and a portion of the second conductive path connected to the fourth port electromagnetically couples to the first conductive path.
15 . The RF front-end module of claim 11 , further comprising a fifth port coupled to ground and switchably coupled to the second conductive path.