Wireless contactless continuous biomarker sensor and its methods of use
Provided herein are compact sensor continuously and wirelessly senses blood constituents including a mm-wave newly designed sensor validates its ability to correlate received base-band power levels variations, rather than S-parameters, with the variations in blood glucose levels of serum [FBS] and in that of the jugular veins and carotid arteries for animals and humans.
1 . A wireless sensor comprising:
a transmitting antenna array of N×N elements and a receiving antenna array of N×N elements;
the transmitting antenna array transmits a directive beam through a vein, an artery, or a group of blood vessels into a receiving antenna array that receives the signal sent by the transmitter;
a received signal is read through a dedicated receiver circuit at the operational frequency of the antenna array or is down-converted to a baseband signal between about 100 MHz and about 600 MHZ;
the magnitudes of the received signal are captured and monitored; and
any change in these magnitudes is attributed to a change in certain blood biomarkers such as glucose among others; wherein
both transmitting and receiving antenna arrays operate at any frequency between about 1 MHz to about 300 GHZ;
both transmitting and receiving antenna arrays are narrowband or wideband;
both transmitting and receiving antenna arrays have the same polarization orientation;
each antenna array in the transmitter and receiver is planar and composed of 16 radiating elements to operate at V-Band and separated by a spacing of about 0.125λ; the antenna array has four copper layers; the top layer consists of about 16 radiating microstrip patches forming the sensing area; the second layer is ground with about 16 cross slots; the third layer is a series feeding network using T-shaped power dividers and sequential rotation underneath each cross slot with a single feed at the input; the bottom layer of the antenna array is a metal plane realized as a reflector; and each two consecutive conductive layers are separated by a dielectric material.
2 . The wireless sensor of claim 1 , wherein the antenna array achieves wide-band circular polarization by using a cross-slot design and sequential rotation feeding.
3 . The wireless sensor of claim 1 , wherein the antenna array is designed using a variety of laminates with different dielectric materials and/or different thicknesses.
4 . The wireless sensor of claim 1 , wherein the top layer [M1] of the antenna array is comprised of a rectangular patch design to resonate at the intended frequency range within the millimeter range of the spectrum and at about 62.25 GHz with a cross in its geometry exactly above the aperture exciting the antenna array elements; each patch has two consecutive perpendicular slots at each of its four corners to help emphasize circular polarization.
5 . The top layer of the antenna array of claim 4 represents the sensing area; placing these radiating elements at a small distance from both sides of the material under test as RF transmitter and receiver antennas will cause a specific shift in the received power level; electromagnetic wave propagation principles merged with data analytic algorithms are implemented to extract and monitor variations of the concentration of the blood constituent from the interaction between electromagnetic wave propagation and the blood vessels.
6 . The wireless sensor of claim 1 , wherein the second layer [M2] of the antenna array is comprised of a ground plane; and sixteen cross slots are etched from this plane to represent sixteen apertures to feed a multi-layer structure antenna array; and the dimensions of the cross-slot are optimized to attain circular polarization.
7 . The wireless sensor of claim 6 , wherein the third layer [M3] of the antenna array is comprised of a series-feeding network such that each aperture is fed with a single hook-shaped feeding line.
8 . The wireless sensor of claim 7 , wherein the bottom layer [M4] of the antenna array of is a full-plane reflector used for a 62.25 GHz antenna array to hinder back lobe radiations of the slots in a multi-layer structure.
9 . The wireless sensor of claim 1 , wherein the antenna array has an extended middle laminate.
10 . The wireless sensor of claim 1 , further comprising two about 62.25 GHz 4×4 multilayer structure antenna arrays with circular polarization is implemented as two wireless sensors targeting both jugular veins and carotid arteries in the neck with sufficient blood concentration; wherein these sensors are detecting biomarker concentrations or glucose concentrations; a transmitted signal from one antenna array is received by an antenna array at the receiver side; the received signal is down-converted to the baseband, where the received power level varies with the varied glucose concentration in blood.
11 . The wireless sensor of claim 10 , wherein the antenna array is connected to a transmitter of an about 57 to about 64 GHz transmitter/receiver system and the other is connected to the receiver end.
12 . The wireless sensor of claim 10 , further comprising a data analysis of the sensing system is implemented at the base-band level; the sensing system presents a high correlation between the power level received at the base-band level and the variation in the concentration of blood constituents.
13 . The wireless sensor of claim 11 , wherein the signal measured from the receiver is converted using algorithms that allow the transformation of the magnitude of the received power levels into the concentration of the blood constituents via trained models.
14 . The wireless sensor of claim 11 , wherein the antenna array is a phased array with a continuous beamforming ability, developing a narrow beam that is steerable in any desirable sensing direction without changing the position of the antenna; the phased antenna array at the transmitter is met with another phased antenna array at the receiver side to capture the transmitted signal.
15 . The wireless sensor of claim 11 , wherein one antenna array at the transmitter is used as a phased antenna array that continuously scans the blood vessels with a narrow beam; and the reflected wave is read and analyzed at the input of the transmitting antenna to extract the various levels of blood biomarkers including glucose.