Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater health monitoring system
A positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater apparatus is provided and includes a PTC heater and a health monitoring unit. The PTC heater includes resistive elements arranged in balanced groups of a bridge formation. Each of the balanced groups is arranged in a corresponding one of the arms of the bridge formation. The health monitoring unit is electrically connected to the resistive elements. The health monitoring unit is configured to determine a fault condition of the PTC heater based on a fractional change of resistance of the bridge formation caused by a failure of any one or more of the resistive elements in any of the balanced groups of the arms of the bridge formation.
1 . A positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater apparatus, comprising:
a PTC heater comprising resistive elements arranged in balanced groups of a bridge formation, each of the balanced groups being arranged in a corresponding one of the arms of the bridge formation; and
a health monitoring unit electrically connected to the resistive elements,
the health monitoring unit being configured to determine a fault condition of the PTC heater based on a fractional change of resistance of the bridge formation caused by a failure of any one or more of the resistive elements in any of the balanced groups of the arms of the bridge formation.
2 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the health monitoring unit is configured to determine the fault condition based on the fractional change of resistance of the bridge formation caused by at least one of:
a failure of one or more of the resistive elements in a balanced group arranged in one of the arms of the bridge formation, and
a failure of one or more of the resistive elements in balanced groups arranged in more than one of the arms of the bridge formation.
3 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the health monitoring unit establishes a threshold for a fault determination in accordance with resistive element noise and amplifier noise.
4 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein power to the PTC heater is cut off in an event of a fault condition determination by the health monitoring unit.
5 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the PTC heater comprises:
dielectric layers;
a first conducting trace comprising a first conducting trace portion interposed between the dielectric layers;
a first sensing line interposed between the dielectric layers;
a second conducting trace comprising a second conducting trace portion interposed between the dielectric layers;
a second sensing line interposed between the dielectric layers; and
PTC heating patches, each being electrically connected between the first conducting trace portion and the first sensing line and interposed between the dielectric layers or between the second conducting trace portion and the second sensing line and interposed between the dielectric layers.
6 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein:
the PTC heating patches are provided as the resistive elements in the balanced groups of the bridge formation, and
the PTC heating patches are arranged in linear rows, each linear row corresponding to one of the balanced groups arranged in the corresponding one of the arms of the bridge formation.
7 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 5 , further comprising a resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensor mounted to an exterior face of one of the dielectric layers,
wherein the health monitoring unit is electrically connected to the RTD sensor to receive readings of the RTD sensor, which, when the PTC heater is powered on, indicate whether the PTC heater is faulty.
8 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 7 , further comprising an insulating layer disposed about the RTD sensor at the exterior face of the one of the dielectric layers.
9 . A positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater apparatus, comprising:
a PTC heater comprising resistive elements arranged in balanced groups of a bridge formation, each of the balanced groups being arranged in a corresponding one of the arms of the bridge formation; and
a resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensor mounted to the PTC heater; and
a health monitoring unit electrically connected to the resistive elements and to the RTD sensor,
the health monitoring unit being configured to determine a fault condition of the PTC heater based on a fractional change of resistance of the bridge formation caused by a failure of any one or more of the resistive elements in any of the balanced groups of the arms of the bridge formation and being electrically connected to the RTD sensor to receive readings of the RTD sensor, which, when the PTC heater is powered on, indicate whether the PTC heater is faulty.
10 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the health monitoring unit is configured to determine the fault condition based on the fractional change of resistance of the bridge formation caused by at least one of:
a failure of one or more of the resistive elements in a balanced group arranged in one of the arms of the bridge formation, and
a failure of one or more of the resistive elements in balanced groups arranged in more than one of the arms of the bridge formation.
11 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the health monitoring unit establishes a threshold for a fault determination in accordance with resistive element noise and amplifier noise.
12 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein power to the PTC heater is cut off in an event of a fault condition determination by the health monitoring unit.
13 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the PTC heater comprises:
dielectric layers;
a first conducting trace comprising a first conducting trace portion interposed between the dielectric layers;
a first sensing line interposed between the dielectric layers;
a second conducting trace comprising a second conducting trace portion interposed between the dielectric layers;
a second sensing line interposed between the dielectric layers; and
PTC heating patches, each being electrically connected between the first conducting trace portion and the first sensing line and interposed between the dielectric layers or between the second conducting trace portion and the second sensing line and interposed between the dielectric layers.
14 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein:
the PTC heating patches are provided as the resistive elements in the balanced groups of the bridge formation, and
the PTC heating patches are arranged in linear rows, each linear row corresponding to one of the balanced groups arranged in the corresponding one of the arms of the bridge formation.
15 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the RTD sensor is mounted to an exterior face of one of the dielectric layers.
16 . The PTC heater apparatus according to claim 15 , further comprising an insulating layer disposed about the RTD sensor at the exterior face of the one of the dielectric layers.
17 . A method of operating a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater apparatus in which resistive elements of a PTC heater are arranged in balanced groups of a bridge formation, each of the balanced groups being arranged in a corresponding one of the arms of the bridge formation, the method comprising:
mounting, to the PTC heater, a resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensor configured to monitor a temperature of the PTC heater;
electrically connecting, to the RTD sensor, a health monitoring unit configured to receive readings of the RTD sensor;
monitoring, by the health monitoring unit, a resistance of the bridge formation;
observing, by the health monitoring unit, whether the bridge formation has a fractional change of resistance;
determining, through a parallel operation of the health monitoring unit, whether the fractional change of resistance is indicative of a fault condition based on the readings of the RTD sensor; and
cutting off power to the PTC heater, by a safety switch of the health monitoring unit, in an event the fractional change of resistance is indicative of the fault condition.
18 . The method according to claim 17 , wherein the fractional change of resistance is caused by at least one of:
a failure of one or more of the resistive elements in a balanced group arranged in one of the arms of the bridge formation, and
a failure of one or more of the resistive elements in balanced groups arranged in more than one of the arms of the bridge formation.
19 . The method according to claim 17 , wherein the determining of whether the fractional change of resistance is indicative of the fault condition comprises establishing a threshold for a fault determination in accordance with resistive element noise and amplifier noise.
20 . The method according to claim 17 , further comprising:
sensing a temperature of the PTC heater; and
cutting of the power to the PTC heater in accordance with a result of the sensing.