Method and system for removing contaminants from soil
Methods, systems, and techniques for removal of PFAS contaminants from contaminated soil or sediment are provided. Example embodiments provide a water-based ex-situ method and system at a site that utilizes particle size and particle density segregation; deagglomeration, attrition, and retention time and sequential contacts with purified water; a recirculating water system with continual water treatment, and additional modules for destructive treatment of concentrated PFAS. In an example embodiment, the water treatment system of an example PFAS contaminant removal system and process includes ion exchange resin filtration component to remove PFAS effectively.
1 . A method for removing PFAS contaminants from contaminated soil and/or sediment (“soil”) at a site, comprising:
soil diagnostic testing including the steps of:
extracting a representative sample of the contaminated soil from the site;
segregating the sample into a plurality of size fractions according to particle size;
segregating each of the size fractions into a plurality of density fractions according to particle density;
testing the plurality of density fractions to determine PFAS contamination concentration levels in the sample and in process water used to remove PFAS contamination; and
soil treatment field system design and implementation based upon the soil diagnostic testing, including:
selecting a set of components based upon the size fractions, the density fractions, and the PFAS contamination concentration levels in those fractions;
extracting the contaminated soil from the site;
isolating soil fractions from the contaminated soil at the site corresponding to the identified contaminated density fractions from the sample;
processing the isolated soil fractions to remove the PFAS contaminants therefrom;
treating the processed soil fractions from the site corresponding to the identified contaminated fractions by one or more of deagglomeration, attrition, scrubbing, and/or exposure of soil particulates to a water-based wash solution to desorb PFAS from the soil particles and move PFAS into the process water;
removing PFAS from the process water by performing the steps of:
pumping the process water through one or more sedimentation or sand filters to remove suspended solids:
filtering the water with removed suspended solids through a series of one or more granular activated carbon (GAC) vessels;
pumping the filtered water output from the GAC vessels through one or more vessels containing an ion exchange (IX) resin, wherein the IX resin binds to PFAS compounds thereby resulting in PFAS contaminated IX resin and water free of PFAS contaminants; and
returning the water free of PFAS contaminants to one or more components of a soil treatment system to continue processing the isolated soil fractions to remove the PFAS contaminants therefrom.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
disposing of or incinerating the PFAS-contaminated IX resin in a manner consistent with state and Federal regulations.
3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the soil field system design and implementation further comprises:
flushing the resultant PFAS contaminated IX resin with a solvent-based regeneration fluid to regenerate IX resin free of PFAS contaminants;
cleaning the IX resin free of PFAS contaminants with water; and
returning the regenerated IX resin to one or more of the vessels containing IX resin.
4 . The method of claim 3 , further comprising:
distilling the solvent-based regenerative fluid to produce a highly concentrated PFAS contaminated aqueous solution;
applying a destructive technology to the resultant PFAS contaminated aqueous solution.
5 . The method of claim 4 wherein the destructive technology is one or more of one or more of critical water oxidation, high alkaline treatment, electrochemical oxidation, or use of a plasma generator.
6 . The method of claim 4 wherein the destructive technology is an enhanced contact electrical discharge plasma reactor that renders the PFAS compounds into inert fluorine salts.
7 . The method of claim 3 , further comprising:
distilling the solvent-based regenerative fluid to produce a highly concentrated PFAS contaminated aqueous solution;
exposing the distilled solvent-based regenerative fluid to a single use IX resin for an extended period of time to cause superloading of the single use IX resin and thereby immobilizing the PFAS contaminants; and
disposing of or incinerating the superloaded single use IX resin.
8 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
applying a destructive technology to any PFAS contaminated brine resulting from removing PFAS from the process water.
9 . The method of claim 1 wherein the selecting a set of components further comprises selecting a type and mesh size of one or more screens and/or a size and number of sandscrews, based upon particle size distribution.
10 . The method of claim 1 wherein the selecting a set of components further comprises selecting a type of flocculation or coagulation polymer based upon particle size distribution.
11 . The method of claim 1 wherein the selecting a set of components further comprises selecting one or more of: clarifiers, equipment for dewatering fines, total system retention time, log washers, clay washers, screens for vegetation removal, water volumes, type of ion exchange resins, and number or size of water treatment vessels.
12 . The method of claim 1 wherein the selecting a set of components further comprises selecting the life expectancy of IX resins before media changeout or regeneration is required based upon determined PFAS concentration levels.
13 . The method of claim 1 wherein the ion exchange resin is a single use resin.
14 . The method of claim 13 wherein the ion exchange resin is selected from a set consisting of: Purolite A592E, Purofine PFA694E, Amberlite PSR2, Plus, CalRes 2301, Sorbix Pure LC, and Resin Tech SIR-110-HP.
15 . The method of claim 1 wherein the ion exchange resin is a regenerable resin.
16 . The method of claim 15 wherein the ion exchange resin is Sorbix RePure.
17 . The method of claim 1 wherein the ion exchange resin is a resin having a polystyrenic backbone crosslinked with divinylbenzene and having a complex amino functional group.
18 . A method for removing PFAS contaminants from contaminated soil and/or sediments (“soil”) at a site, comprising:
soil diagnostic testing including the steps of:
extracting a representative sample of the contaminated soil from the site;
segregating the sample into a plurality of size fractions according to particle size;
segregating each of the size fractions into a plurality of density fractions according to particle density;
testing the plurality of density fractions to determine PFAS contamination concentration levels in the sample and in process water used to remove PFAS contamination; and
soil field system design and implementation based upon the soil diagnostic testing, including:
selecting a set of components based upon the size fractions, the density fractions, and the PFAS contamination concentration levels in those fractions;
extracting the contaminated soil from the site;
isolating soil fractions from the contaminated soil at the site corresponding to the identified contaminated density fractions from the sample;
processing the isolated soil fractions to remove the PFAS contaminants therefrom;
treating the processed soil fractions from the site corresponding to the identified contaminated fractions by one or more of deagglomeration, attrition, scrubbing, and/or exposure of soil particulates to a water-based wash solution to desorb PFAS from the soil particles and move PFAS into the process water;
removing PFAS from the process water by performing the steps of:
pumping the process water through one or more sedimentation or sand filters to remove suspended solids:
filtering the water with removed suspended solids through a series of one or more granular activated carbon (GAC) vessels;
pumping the filtered water output from the GAC vessels through one or more of an ion exchange filtration process, reverse osmosis, or nanofiltration to substantially remove PFAS contaminants;
applying a destructive technology to any PFAS contaminated brine resulting from the exchange filtration, reverse osmosis, or nanofiltration process, thereby resulting in water free of PFAS contaminants; and
returning the water free of PFAS contaminants to one or more components of a soil treatment system to continue processing the isolated soil fractions to remove the PFAS contaminants therefrom.
19 . The method of claim 18 wherein the destructive technology is one or more of one or more of critical water oxidation, high alkaline treatment, electrochemical oxidation, or use of a plasma generator.