Methods of using PD-L1 expression in treatment decisions for cancer therapy
Methods of using detection of PD-L1 expression by circulating cancer cells in the screening, monitoring, treatment and diagnosis of cancer in subjects are disclosed. The methods are based on assaying one or more of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), epithelial to mesenchymal transition CTCs (EMTCTCs), cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs), and cancer associated vascular endothelial cells (CAVEs) isolated from a subject having cancer for PD-L1 expression.
1 . A method of selecting a treatment for a subject having cancer, comprising: assaying cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and optionally one or more of epithelial to mesenchymal transition CTCs (EMTCTCs) and cancer associated vascular endothelial cells (CAVEs), isolated from a subject having cancer for PD-L1 expression, wherein when PD-L1 expression is detected, the subject is identified as a subject to receive an immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, and wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an antibody.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an antibody selected from one or more of a PD-L1 antagonist, PD-1 antagonist, and a CTLA-4 antagonist.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the assaying for PD-L1 expression is by one or more of detecting PD-L1 protein expression and detecting PD-L1 mRNA production.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the PD-L1 protein expression is detected via immunohistochemistry (IHC).
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein IHC is performed by membrane staining, cytoplasmic staining, or a combination thereof.
6 . The method of claim 4 , wherein IHC is performed using an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
7 . The method of claim 4 , wherein IHC is performed using immunofluorescence (IF) staining, wherein one or more antibodies with binding specificity for PD-L1 are utilized.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein binding of the anti-PD-L1 antibody to PD-L1 is detected via a fluorescent compound conjugated to the anti-PD-L1 antibody or via a fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody with binding specificity for the anti-PD-L1 antibody.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein PD-L1 expression is detected when the level of PD-L1 expression is greater than PD-L1 expression in a population of stromal cells from a subject of the same species that does not have cancer.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject having cancer is a subject undergoing treatment using one or more of a targeted agent, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
12 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising predicting responsiveness of the subject to the treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, comprising:
assaying CAMLs and CTCs, and optionally one or more of EMTCTCs and CAVEs, isolated from the subject after a therapeutically effective amount of an immune checkpoint inhibitor is administered to the subject,
wherein when PD-L1 expression is detected, the subject is predicted to be responsive to the treatment with the immune checkpoint inhibitor.