Apparatuses and methods for producing covetic materials using microwave reactors
Apparatuses and methods for producing covetic materials by exciting a hydrocarbon gas with pulse microwaves to form hydrocarbon radicals in a hot first region of a microwave reactor. Graphene nanoplatelets are formed by the nucleation, growth and assembly of the hydrocarbon radicals, and contact a metal melt introduced downstream of the hot region to produce a mixture of molten metal and graphene nanoplatelets which assemble in-flight to form covetic materials. Graphene planes are infused in the metal matrix to achieve carbon loadings of at least 60%.
1 . A reactor including:
an energy source configured to provide a microwave energy to the reactor;
a first inlet through which a hydrocarbon gas flows into the reactor;
an inner tube disposed in fluid communication with the first inlet and configured to dissociate the hydrocarbon gas into a plasma based on the microwave energy, the plasma including carbon and carbon radicals;
an annular region surrounding the inner tube and bounded by a reactor wall;
a second inlet disposed downstream of the first inlet and coupled to the annular region, the second inlet configured to receive metal particles entrained in a carrier gas;
an inductive heater disposed in thermal communication with the reactor and configured to melt the metal particles; and
an outlet configured to produce carbon-metal composites based at least in part on the melted metal particles and the plasma.
2 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the production of the carbon-metal composites is based on contact of the melted metal particles and the plasma upstream of the outlet.
3 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-metal composites include alternating graphene-metal layers organized according to a crystal configuration of the metal particles.
4 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein a carbon loading in the carbon-metal composites is approximately 60%.
5 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein a carbon loading in the carbon-metal composites is between about 60% and 90%.
6 . The reactor of claim 1 , further including an acceleration zone configured to accelerate a flow of the carbon-metal composites through the outlet.
7 . The reactor of claim 6 , wherein the acceleration zone is further configured to quench the carbon-metal composites.
8 . The reactor of claim 1 , further including a substrate upon which the carbon-metal composites are cooled.
9 . The reactor of claim 1 , further including a mechanical tumbler agitator disposed downstream of the outlet.
10 . The reactor of claim 1 , further including a fluidized bed reactor disposed downstream of the outlet.
11 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the microwave energy includes pulsed microwave energy.
12 . The reactor of claim 11 , wherein the pulsed microwave energy is associated with transverse electromagnetic wave propagation.
13 . The reactor of claim 11 , wherein the pulsed microwave energy is associated with transverse electric wave (TE) propagation.
14 . The reactor of claim 11 , wherein the reactor is configured to tune one or more of a duty cycle of the pulsed microwave energy, or a power level or duty cycle of the inductive heater.
15 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the inner tube comprises a dielectric tube.
16 . The reactor of claim 15 , wherein the dielectric tube includes a quartz tube.
17 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein a temperature of the metal particles is independent of a temperature of the plasma.
18 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the metal particles include one or more of aluminum, copper, nickel, copper, gold, zinc, tin, lead, or silver.
19 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the metal melt includes one or more of fully-melted metal or partially melted metal.
20 . The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the metal melt includes metal melt droplets.