Multi-modal dynamic entrainment augmented neurofeedback system
A neurofeedback enhancement system incorporating monaural audio beats, optical LED photic entrainment, and nIR LED photobiomodulation entrainment components to augment the EEG neurofeedback process. The frequency of operation for the entrainment modalities is set based on the dominant energy frequency attributes of the subjects EEG. The intensity of the entrainment modalities is dynamically modulated in response to real time analysis of targeted EEG features, and all modalities are synchronized in time.
1 . A method, comprising:
generating, via a processor, a first signal having a first frequency;
generating, via the processor, a second signal having a second frequency, a difference between the first frequency and the second frequency being substantially equal to a dominant electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency derived from a subject;
generating, via the processor, a third signal based on the first signal and the second signal;
rectifying, via the processor, the third signal to generate a rectified signal;
filtering, via the processor, the rectified signal to generate a filtered signal;
identifying, via the processor, peaks of the filtered signal having a value greater than a predetermined threshold value;
generating, via the processor and based on the filtered signal and the peaks of the filtered signal, a fourth signal based on the third signal;
causing, via the processor, audio generated based on the third signal to be output; and
causing, via the processor and while outputting the audio representing the third signal, a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs) included at a headset to activate and deactivate based on the fourth signal.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the audio is output at the headset.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of LEDs includes a near-infrared (nIR) LED and a visual LED.
4 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
monitoring, via the processor, a neurofeedback training progress of the subject; and
adjusting, via the processor, an intensity of at least one of the audio or at least one LED from the plurality of LEDs based on the neurofeedback training progress.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein EEG signals of the subject are captured during a training session and the difference between the first frequency and the second frequency does not change during the training session, the training session being a predefined period of neurofeedback training.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the audio is a monoaural beat tone.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the generating third signal includes summing the first signal and the second signal.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the headset includes a plurality of EEG electrodes configured to capture an EEG signal from the subject, the dominant EEG frequency determined based on the EEG signal.
9 . An apparatus, comprising:
a memory; and
a processor operatively coupled to the memory, the processor configured to:
send an audio signal to a speaker to cause the speaker to output audio based on the audio signal, the audio signal generated based on combining a first signal having a first frequency and a second signal having a second frequency, a difference between the first frequency and the second frequency being substantially equal to a dominant electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency derived from a subject; and
send a light emitting diode (LED) drive signal to a plurality of LEDs to cause the plurality of LEDs to activate based on the LED drive signal, the LED drive signal generated by
rectifying the audio signal to generate a rectified signal,
filtering the rectified signal to generate a filtered signal,
identifying peaks of the filtered signal having a value greater than a predetermined threshold value, and
generating the LED drive signal based on the filtered signal and the peaks of the filtered signal.
10 . The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the plurality of LEDs includes a near-infrared (nIR) LED and a visual LED.
11 . The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the apparatus is a headset.
12 . The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein a neurofeedback training progress of the subject is monitored and the processor is further configured to:
adjust an intensity of the audio signal and the plurality of LEDs based on the neurofeedback training progress.
13 . The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising:
EEG electrodes operatively coupled to the processor, the EEG electrodes configured to capture EEG signals of the subject during a training session, the difference between the first frequency and the second frequency not changing during the training session, the training session being a predefined period of neurofeedback training.
14 . The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the audio signal is generated based on a monoaural beat tone.
15 . The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising:
EEG electrodes operatively coupled to the processor, the EEG electrodes configured to capture an EEG signal from the subject, the dominant EEG frequency determined based on the EEG signal.
16 . A non-transitory processor-readable medium storing code comprising instructions to be executed by one or more processors, the instructions causing the one or more processors to:
send an audio signal to a speaker to cause the speaker to output audio based on the audio signal, the audio signal generated based on a first signal having a first frequency and a second signal having a second frequency, a difference between the first frequency and the second frequency being substantially equal to a dominant electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency derived from a subject;
rectify the audio signal to generate a rectified signal;
filter the rectified signal to generate a filtered signal;
identify peaks of the filtered signal having a value greater than a predetermined threshold value;
generate a light emitting diode (LED) drive signal based on the filtered signal and the peaks of the filtered signal; and
send the LED drive signal to a plurality of LEDs to cause the plurality of LEDs to activate based on the LED drive signal, the LED drive signal generated based on the audio signal.
17 . The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 16 , wherein the audio signal and the LED drive signal are sent at first time and the instructions further comprise code to cause the one or more processors to:
determine, at a second time that is between five seconds and 59 seconds after the first time, whether to update at least one of an intensity of the audio signal or an intensity of the LED drive signal;
send a second audio signal to the speaker to cause the speaker to output audio based on the updated intensity of the audio signal in response the determination; and
send a second LED drive signal to the plurality of LEDs to cause the plurality of LEDs to activate based on the updated intensity of the LED drive signal in response the determination.